Wordmill User's Guide – Version 4.1

INTER SOFT software engineering Itd. WORDMIILL User’s Guide Multilingual Word Processor INTERSOFT SOFTWARE ENGINEERING LTD WORODMILEL Multilingual Word Processor for the IBM Personal Computer USER’S GUIDE to version 4.1 COPYRIGHT NOTICE (c) Copyright 1985 Intersoft Software Engineering Ltd. 22 Ussishkin Street, Tel: 02-667304 Jerusalem 92426, Israel All Rights Reserved, Worldwide TRADEMARKS WordMill is a registered trademark of Intersoft Software Engineering Ltd. IBM, IBM PC and PC DOS are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE . . 2... we FUNCTION KEYS . . . . 1... ee ee Chapter 1: STARTING TO WORK WITH WORDMILL GENERAL RULES FOR USING THIS MANUAL . INTRODUCTION TO VERSION ML/4.1. THE WordMil]l PROGRAM DISKETTE. . . Backing Up and Restoring the WordMil] “Diskette. PROTECTING YOUR WORK. . . «2. «© «© 2 we ew LOADING WordMil] . 2. 1. ww ew e ew ew ew WordMill DISK DRIVES. . . . 2 «© © © «© EXIT FROM WordMill. . 2. 2. 2. 2. 6 © © ew Chapter 2: THE MENU AND THE DIRECTORY VERSION AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE . . « « ww THE DIALOGUE LINE. . 2. © 2 e + ew ew ew THE MENU. . a ae eS CHANGING THE DIALOGUE "LANGUAGE . a Ye @ THE DIRECTORY . . . 2 © «© «© © + WordMil] DOCUMENT TYPES. . . 2. «© « 3 DIRECTORY OPERATIONS . . . © «© «© © 4 Changing a Document Name and Type. . . Copying a Document. . 2. «© «© © 6 « . Deleting a Document. . 2. 2. «© «© «© «© «© Editing a Document. . . .. . ye ee Printing a Document. . . «© «© «© «© «© -« PRINTING THE DIRECTORY . «. «© «© «© «© © © WordMill ML/4.1 o 8 8 PRR eee PP U oe ° eo ee ° FOE OT FOE ROE RD DOE Pao RO 88 1D our RRR WOWO~ADON ON S WwW Ww t WO OnNN OS WW WwWnre CONTENTS Chapter 3: PREPARING A DOCUMENT OPERATING MODES. . . Changing from One Mode to " another . CREATING A NEW DOCUMENT. . . AUTOMATIC WRAPAROUND . a ee END OF PARAGRAPH . . 2. ew ew ee DELETING WHILE TYPING. . . . . SPACES. « « © & &% @ G© Boe * Regular space. . . . 2 6 « e Hard Space.. « « «© «© w# «« @ Soft Space. . . «© © «© «© « PARAGRAPH INDENT . . Be ie BOLD AND UNDERLINED CHARACTERS. ; SUPERSCRIPTS AND SUBSCRIPTS. . QUAD LEFT, QUAD RIGHT AND CENTERED TEXT. VERTICAL SCROLLING. . . . «= . HORIZONTAL SCROLLING. . . « « CURSOR MOVEMENT. © «© «© 6 we ew PRINT SCREEN. . se « DISPLAYING THE DOCUMENT NAME a GRAPHIC CHARACTERS. . . -© «© «© «© SCIENTIFIC CHARACTERS. . « «© « THE "SAVE" OPERATION. . . . THE "EXIT DOCUMENT" OPTION. . . . THE "QUIT DOCUMENT" OPTION. . « . Chapter 4: THE RULER THE RULER. . 2. -© «© © © © «© RULER EDITING . . ‘ Resetting Left and Right Margins : Setting and Deleting Tab Stops. . Use of Tab Stops in the TYP Mode Use of Tab Stops in the EDT Mode Tab Filler Character Setting and Deleting Margin Indentation Points. Using Indentation Points. . . . COPIES OF THE RULER LINE. . . - - WordMill ML/4.1 © © «© @ 2 Ge) Od COGS ee 8 6 www 1 ° . “ee e 9 GO GES. HB (GD 1049 1000 1 169 OE a ww ' | ee ww 1 a> ww 1rd tot NNUNAAHAAH 1 ee ee ee el el OonrPrPr PWNNPr COO PPHPpPpPph PPPS 1 WOOnNAADAA OLS SW ii Chapter 5: CHANGING EXISTING TEXT . INSERTING CHARACTERS . DELETING CHARACTERS . . . OVERTYPING EDITING A DOCUMENT SEPARATING TEXT INTO TWO ” PARAGRAPHS ‘ UNITING TWO PARAGRAPHS . . ADDING NEW TEXT. . DIRECTORY OPERATIONS DURING "EDITING INCORPORATING A LIBRARY DOCUMENT . THE “IMPORT’ OPTION . . . HIGHLIGHTING. . . . . . Highlighting a Column. . Highlighting a Block of Lines OPERATIONS ON HIGHLIGHTED BLOCKS Copying a Block of Text . Moving a Block of Text. . ‘Quad’ Operations . . . Rearranging Text. . . . Widening a Document. . . Shifting a Block of Lines. Deleting a Block of Text . Inserting a Column of Filler Characters a FINDING AND REPLACING. . . A Character String . Finding a Character string Replacing a Character String. Automatic Find and Replace . Replacing an Emphasized String . HYPHENATION.. «© «© «© «© Chapter 6: PHRASE DICTIONARIES WHAT IS A PHRASE DICTIONARY? CREATING A PHRASE DICTIONARY LOADING A PHRASE DICTIONARY. USING THE PHRASE DICTIONARY. WordMill ML/4.1 . CONTENTS RK OWWWDWONNAAATHPW OCS CONTENTS Chapter 7: PAGINATION AND PRINTING THE PAGINATION PROGRAM THE MPG SUBSYSTEM. . . PAGINATION INSTRUCTIONS . Documents to Print. . . Columns per Page. Headers, Footers and Page "Numbers s The Size of the Page .. Vertical Pitch ‘ Line Spacing. . Lines per Column. ‘ Page Size. . .... Left Margin . . . . . Justified Print . Character Set and Size. Horizontal Pitch. . . . Leader Spacing . Start at Page Nunber/ top “after. Page Number . Qutput to Drive. . . THE PAGINATION PROCESS . . PRINTING. 2. 6. 2 ew ee THE PRINTING PROGRAM . SIMULTANEOUS PRINTING AND EDITING. STOP PRINTING AND CANCEL PRINTING. DIRECT PRINTING. . . . PAGINATED S-TYPE DOCUMENTS . Chapter 8: PAGINATION: PAGE HEADERS AND FOOTERS. Preparing Headers and Footers - Locating Headers and Footers inside the Frames. PAGE NUMBERS. . . HOW WordMill DIVIDES THE “TEXT INTO PAGES PAGINATION CONTROL CHARACTERS . Line Spacing . S38 New Page/New Column. a % . ‘Begin Keep’ and “End Keep’ . “No Print’ and “Yes Print’ PRINT SCREEN AND PAGINATION CONTROL CHARACTERS WordMill ML/4.1 . ADVANCED TOPICS . . . oe © © oe . © = © © © 8 NN NN NNN NNN NNN NSN SSW WSN YS Sw 1 ee e ee 1D CO RO0 CORC51 100.09) COL.09). ar 1 DDAAAANAH HPWwWw wot 1 RPP PP PPE PrP RP Pee Oo WWMWON A KPHLWNHNMPROS 1 Re Re RS RP OOD WwW iv CHANGE FONT INSTRUCTIONS. . . 2. «. 2 © PRINTING ON A DAISY WHEEL PRINTER. . . « . Chapter 9: SPECIAL PRINTING FEATURES LEADERS . . . o «© 9 How to tiéroduce: Leaders into Your Document. Leaders in Columns of Tables. Pagination of Leaders: Spacing and Alignment EDITING AND PRINTING FORMULAS. . . Special Characters for Formulas. . . . . DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS. . «2. es Printing of Formulas . ... .» Pitch Changes. . . - TABLES PRINTED IN DIFFERENT PITCHES Ss « F Chapter 10: MERGE AND PRINT THE “MERGE AND PRINT’ PROGRAM. . . .. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS . «. s 1 te ew ew es Variables. « «© »© «© « © © @ 8 @ % Values . ck we ce ew OS OO RO Regular Values . . 2. «© «© «© © «© « Conditional Values . . 2. «© «© «© © Global Values. . . «© «© © «© «© © « Operators . 2. 1. 1 6 6 ew ew ew Delimiters. . 2. «© «© © «© «© © «+ Separators. . 2. «© «© «© «© «© «© © © « Data Records. . gor aay. Cae! cs HOW TO CREATE A FORM DOCUMENT eo we te es ee HOW TO CREATE A DATA FILE . . «© «© «© © GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MERGE PROCESS . . ACTIVATING THE MERGE FEATURE . . « «© « » PAGINATION PARAMETERS. . «© «© «© «© © « THE MERGE PROCESS . . . «© «© «© «© «© © Automatic Merge . . 2. «© «© «© «© »© « « Semi-Automatic Merge . . . «© «© «© « « Merging an Empty Value. . . Deletion of Lines . . ee ee Text which Resembles a Variable. am oa! Conditional Merge .. . WordMill ML/4.1 CONTENTS . . . wwovownoww wo Ow wo t 1 WDWDDOANAD ON SW Ww CONTENTS PAGINATING OR PRINTING THE MERGED DOCUMENT. TERMINATION OF THE MERGE PROCESS. . . EXTRACTING RECORDS FROM A DATA FILE . Chapter 11: THE WMPARAMS FILE SETTING WordMil] PARAMETERS. . . . . DISK DRIVES «© » «+ w 8 « @» @ & SCREEN. « = = © © S$ © @& @ & EDITING » «© « «© # =» © # @ PAGINATION . 2. 2. 2. 2 ew ee PRINTING. 2. © © «© © © «© © PRINTER 2c « = @ © &@ w * @ ® 8 TELEX 3» «= © & * © & © © w & ss Appendix A: WordMill SETUP THE WordMill SETUP DISKETTE. . . Backing Up the WordMill SETUP Diskette CHANGING WordMill SETUP. . . .. . Setting the First Language . .. . Setting the First Keyboard . .. . Setting the Second Language. .. . Setting the Second Keyboard. . . . Setting the Printer. . . .. . Setting the Printer’s Interface. Appendix B: TELEX Appendix C: KEYBOARD LAYOUTS DANISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT . . . « FRENCH KEYBOARD LAYOUT . . . « GERMAN KEYBOARD LAYOUT . . . . « « ITALIAN KEYBOARD LAYOUT . . . . | - NORWEGIAN KEYBOARD LAYOUT . . . . . SPANISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT . . .« « « . SWEDISH / FINNISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT. . . UK ENGLISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT. . . . US ENGLISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT. . . . WordMill ML/4.1 oe e 8 é 2 CL Ga CON CEE IC 2 12S PrP WOON O B&B Ww SM UWADAWAMN SW Oo vi PREFACE PREFACE Thank you for choosing WordMill for your Word Processing work, You will find out that WordMill, running on your IBM Personal Computer, is a powerful tool enabling you to prepare, edit and print single language or multi- lingual documents of very high professional standards. Our main objectives in the design and development of WordMill were to find and create optimal solutions to the problems involved in editing and printing multi- Jingual texts. However, most standard features of “dedicated” word processors have been retained and new features have been added. The WordMill family of word processors includes "“bi- lingual" and "multilingual" members. A bilingual WordMill supports two languages of opposite directions (like French and Hebrew or English and Arabic). Any one of these is in fact equivalent to two word processors in a single package: e.g. English/Hebrew and Hebrew/English. The multilingual WordMill supports English, French, German, Italian, Spanish etc. The minimum requirements for operating Version 4.1 of WordMill are an IBM PC with one double sided diskette drive, 256K bytes of internal memory, PC DOS 2.0 operating system, and any one of the many dot matrix or daisy wheel printers supported by WordMill. If your IBM PC is equipped with a second disk or disk- ette drive, then WordMill will operate significantly better on your system. WordMill ML/4.1 vii FUNCTION KEYS FUNCTION KEYS The chart on this page refers to the Function Keys on the left-hand side of your keyboard. The functions denoted by lower case letters are obtained by pressing that key together with Alt. [ copy coLuNN | | | | ruler | save | | MOVE LINE | read | leaders | | ARRANGE Bron | | | | hyphen | import | | QUAD FIND | JUST REPLACE | document] picionay® | SHIFT | EXIT | | INDENT | | quit | dir | a WordMil] ML/4.1 Esc |CHNGE LANG| | dietionary- Tab viii oO FUNCTION KEYS Oo FUNCTION KEYS (Cont.) The chart on this page refers to the Numeric Keypad on the right-hand side of your keyboard. | BACKSPACE | | | i | | Enter | suprscrpt| SCREEN UP| | CANCEL | | BOLD-FACE | top | | +4 | | t | screen H stop or |NEW LINE HL} | cancel] | | | word word printing] left _ SELECT ~ O | margin | margin margin PRINT DO | | (with |UNDERLINE| | bottom | | | shift) | |subscript| screen | | as ard 2 | | | | | | INSERT | DELETE || | . Mi Six regular character keys, in combination with the Alt key, produce the following WordMill’s functions: Key | WordMill Funcion | Alt + 1 | Change to Font #1 | | Alt + 2 | Change to Font #2 | oO | Alt +3 | Change to Font #3. | | Alt + 0 | Reset Font Change | | Alt + F | Show Font Number = | | Alt + P | Pagination Flag | WordMil] ML/4.1 ix Notes WordMill ML/4.1 Chapter 1: STARTING TO WORK WITH WORDMILL CONTENTS GENERAL RULES FOR USING THIS MANUAL. . . . INTRODUCTION TO VERSION ML/4.1. . « . THE WordMill PROGRAM DISKETTE . . . Backing Up and Restoring the WordMil1 Diskette. PROTECTING YOUR WORK. . 2. 1 ew ew ew we ew LOADING WordMil] . 2. 2. 2 6 ew we e ew ew WordMil] DISK DRIVES. . 2. 2. © «© © we ew EXIT FROM WordMill. . 2. 2. 2 2 we 8 we ew WordMill ML/4.1 ee 1 womonrnt one WwW Ww 1-1 Notes WordMill ML/4.1 1-2 STARTING TO WORK WITH WordMill GENERAL RULES FOR USING THIS MANUAL Words in Capital Letters refer to the functions shown on the Function Keys charts. You will find it useful to have these charts next to you while using this manual. For your convenience, the keys that you should press appear in square brackets next to the appropriate instruction. [Fx] refers to the function keys on the left of your keyboard and [x] refers to the keys of the numeric keypad on the right. The function keys most commonly mentioned in this manual are: SELECT - number 5 on the numeric keypad [5] ENTER - the carrier return key [<—] D0 - ‘+*° on the numeric keypad [+] CANCEL - “-° on the numeric keypad [-] Remember to differentiate between the words ‘type’ and ‘print’. Typing refers to the text which appears on the screen as you key it in on your keyboard; printing refers to text printed on paper by your printer. When the symbol ‘+’ appears in the descriptions of instructions it should be read as ‘together with’. INTRODUCTION TO VERSION ML/4.1 Version ML/4.1 of WordMill (ML = MultiLingual) is supplied to you on two diskettes: Apart from the WordMill Program diskette your dealer should have given you a _ second diskette, the WordMill SETUP diskette. The WordMill Program diskette contains a complete WordMill, preset by us to operate in two languages and a certain printer. You need the WordMill SETUP diskette to check or to change those settings to another language or to a different printer. You can only make new settings if the data for these settings are found on the SETUP diskette. The values which can be set are: Language No. 1, Language No. 2, Keyboard layout No. 1, Keyboard layout No. 2, Printer’s name WordMill ML/4.1 1-3 STARTING TO WORK WITH WordMil1 and the type (serial or parallel) of the Printer’s Interface, The contents of the WordMill SETUP diskette and the operation of the SETUP program, are listed and explained in Appendix A. Note: - You may have received a third diskette, WordMil] BACKUP Diskette. The BACKUP diskette is identical to the PROGRAM diskette; it should be stored in a safe place, and may only be used if and when the PROGRAM diskette is damaged. THE WordMill PROGRAM DISKETTE When you first get the WordMill PROGRAM diskette you should satisfy yourself that it contains all the files which have to be there. Following is a list of these files and a few words of description: WM. EXE Main program. ’ WMEDT .OVR Editor overlay. ’ WMMPG.OVR Merge and Paginate overlay. ~ WMEPC.OVR Data overlay. “<]anguage> .LN1 See below. WMKBxxxx .KB1 See below. .LN2 [Optional]. WMKByyyy .KB2 [Optional]. .PRO See below. ’ WMPARAMS.WMD See below. Apart from these 10 files, it is recommended that the operating system file COMMAND.COM be placed on WordMill diskette (this is unnecessary if your computer is a Hard Disk model). The WordMill program is contained in the four first files. The WMEDT.OVR and WMEPC.OVR overlays are automatically loaded, while the WMMPG.OVR overlay is only loaded when you activate either the PAGINATE or the MERGE options. WordMill ML/4.1 1-4 STARTING TO WORK WITH WordMil1 The file .LNl defines the "dialogue language" to WordMill. (This is the language WordMill is using to ask you questions and you are using to answer them). If there is a second file, .LN2, then two dialogue languages had been set up, and you can switch between them whenever you wish to do so. The file WMKBxxxx.KBl contains the Keyboard Layout for WordMill. If you want a second keyboard layout to be used (while you are using the second dialogue language) then a second file, WMKByyyy.KB2, should also be present in the WordMill diskette. National Keyboard Layouts for the IBM PC are listed in Appendix C. The file .PRO defines the printer that you are using to WordMill. If "printer" is not the name of the printer which you are using, make sure before you begin working that the appropriate file is contained on the WordMil] Program diskette, by using the SETUP program (see Appendix A). A list of parameter values is contained in the WMPARAMS.WMD file. A full description of the parameters is given later in Chapter 11 "The WMPARAMS File" where you will learn their significance and how to alter their values. It is recommended to ‘write protect’ the WordMil] diskette. However, there are certain types of diskettes on which WordMill is supplied that prevent the operation of the program if the diskette is ‘write protected’. If yours is a diskette of such a type, you will have to remove the write protect tab. Backing Up and Restoring the WordMill Diskette The WordMill Program diskette is protected against unauthorized duplication. However a backup copy can and should be made. It is a good idea to do this before starting work, as follows: If your computer is a two-drive model: 1. Insert the DOS (Disk Operating System) diskette in Drive A and a brand new diskette in Drive B, WordMill ML/4.1 1-5 STARTING TO WORK WITH WordMil1 . Format the new diskette by typing: A>FORMAT B: . When the formatting process is complete, remove DOS from Drive A and replace it with your WordMill diskette. . Type: A>COPY *.* B:/V . Wait for the copying process to terminate. . Remove the backup diskette from Drive B, and store it in a safe place. Remember: this diskette is for backup purposes only; use the WordMill diskette for working. Vif your computer is a hard-disk model: Les 2. 3. At Make a new sub-directory for your WordMill work by typing: C>MD WM Change to your new sub-directory by typing: C>CD WM Insert your WordMill PROGRAM diskette in Drive A and copy its contents by typing: C>COPY A:*.* the end of the copying process there will be a copy of WordMill on the hard disk, but it is a good idea to make another backup copy onto a separate diskette as well: 1. 2. Remove the WordMill PROGRAM diskette and insert a new diskette in Drive A. Type: C>PATH then: C>FORMAT A: . When the formatting process is complete, copy WordMill from the sub-directory you have just created onto the diskette by typing: C>COPY *.* A: . Then remove the backup diskette from Drive A, and store it in a safe place. Should anything happen to your WordMill software, follow the procedure described below for restoration purposes. If_your computer is a two-drive model: Lie 2. 3. 4, 5. Insert the faulty WordMill diskette in Drive A. Erase all the files on the WordMill diskette by typing: A>DEL *.* When the prompt "ARE YOU SURE (Y/N)?" appears. Type: Y Insert the backup copy diskette in Drive B. Copy the contents of the backup diskette onto the WordMill diskette by typing: A>COPY B:*.* WordMill ML/4.1 1-6 STARTING TO WORK WITH WordMill 6. When the copying process is complete, remove the backup diskette from Drive B and store it in a safe place. If your computer is a hard-disk model: 1. Change to the WM sub-directory by typing: C>CD WM 2. Insert the backup copy diskette in Drive A. 3. Copy its contents to the sub-directory by typing: C>COPY A:*.* 4, Remove the backup diskette and store it in a safe place. PROTECTING YOUR WORK 1. Do not create or copy documents on your WordMill diskette. 2. Make and store backup copies of all documents on a separate diskette at the end of each working session. Then, if the original document (or even diskette) is accidentally damaged, you can always use the backup copy. 3. Save your work every half hour or so while editing a document and every time you leave your desk. If there should be a hardware failure or an electricity failure all your work since the last SAVE operation will be lost. The SAVE operation takes only a few seconds to perform (see "The SAVE Option" in Chapter 3). 4. Take care of your diskettes. Follow the instructions on the back of the diskette envelope. LOADING WordMil1 The WordMill program can only be loaded from Drive A (for a single- or two-drive model) or from Drive C (for a hard-disk model). In either case the drive from which WordMill is loaded must be the Active (Default) Drive, For example, A>WM is correct, whereas C>A:WM is incorrect and loading will not be carried out. An original WordMill diskette - not a backup copy - must be inserted in Drive A in all cases during loading, but may be removed and replaced by another diskette afterwards. WordMill ML/4.1 1-7 STARTING TO WORK WITH WordNill If_your computer is a single- or two-drive model: First turn on your computer. Load the Operating System by inserting the PC DOS diskette into Drive A, close the drive door and reboot (press Ctrl+Alt+Del). When the prompt A> appears on the screen, remove the PC DOS diskette and insert the WordMil]l diskette into Drive A. Close the drive door and type WM to load WordMill. If your computer is a hard disk model: Turn on your computer. When C> appears on the screen, insert the WordMill diskette in Drive A and close the drive door. Change to the sub-directory you are using for WordMill work (type CD [directory name]), then type WM to load WordMill. The WordMill introductory screen then appears, and after a few moments is replaced by the Menu. The Menu appears in one of the two languages (see "THE WordMill PROGRAM DISKETTE" above); in fact, it is shown in the language which was set up (by the SETUP program) to be "language No. 1". Note: - If you want to change now to the second language, hit the ESCAPE (Esc) key. You may now remove the WordMill diskette from drive A and insert a data diskette instead. However, if you are not using a hard-disk model, then you should be prepared to re-insert the WordMill diskette (or a backup copy of it) when you'll want to activate either the Paginate or Merge options. (WordMill will prompt you to insert the diskette when it is required). WordMi11 DISK DRIVES WordMill makes use of two ‘logical’ Disk Drives: Drive 1 and Drive 2. Parameters in the WMPARAMS file briefly described | above define the relationships between WordMill’s logical drives and the Drive Letters of the operating system, as. follows: For a single-drive model: Drive 1 Drive 2 Wow > WordMill ML/4.1 1-8 STARTING TO WORK WITH WordMill For a two-drive model: Drive 1=A Drive 2=8B For a hard-disk model: Drive l=A Drive 2=C The descriptions in this manual refer to a two-drive model. If you are using a single-drive or a hard-disk mode], you may have to adapt the instructions a little. EXIT FROM WordMil1 You may exit from WordMil] and return to DOS when the Menu is displayed on the screen. Press EXIT [F10]. WordMill ML/4.1 1-9 Notes WordMill ML/4.1 Chapter 2: THE MENU AND THE DIRECTORY CONTENTS VERSION AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE . . . .. . THE DIALOGUE LINE. . . «© «© «© © «© «@ THE MENU. . ce © ms CHANGING THE DIALOGUE " LANGUAGE . oh, Mee te, ee 8 THE DIRECTORY . . a Fe oy See WordMi1] DOCUMENT TYPES . a cor ie RE OR DIRECTORY OPERATIONS. . . . ae. eh sar, ce Changing a Document Name and Type ae er ee Copying a Document. . 2. «. «© 6© «© Deleting a Document. . . . «© «© «© «© Editing a Document. . . 2. «© «© «© «© Printing a Document. . . «© «© © «© « «@ PRINTING THE DIRECTORY . . «© «© «© «© «© WordMill ML/4.1 . 7 8 ° TS TORUS SC RS ea Pree Fr ODWONOO SW WwW 2-1 Notes WordMill ML/4.1 2-2 THE MENU AND THE DIRECTORY VERSION AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE Loading of WordMill into the computer’s memory takes a few moments during which time this message will appear on your screen: WordMi11™ word Processor Version ML/4.1 for IBM PC (c) Copyright 1984 ,1985 Intersoft Software Engineering Ltd. The letters ‘ML’ in the second line of the message refer to the fact that this is the MultiLingual Version of the Word- Mill program. A few seconds later, when the loading is completed, the Menu (in the first language) replaces this message. THE DIALOGUE LINE You will see a line in “reverse video" (dark letters on a bright background) at the bottom of the screen. This is called the dialogue line and displays for you at all times the current stage of operation. When appropriate, prompts are also shown here. This line is for your information and control only and is never printed by the printer. Here is a brief description of the dialogue line. On the left, there is a three letter code, denoting a "Mode" (which shall be defined in Chapter 3). Then there is one letter, denoting the "nationality" of the keyboard (A for American, F for French etc.) and the state of the Caps Lock key: This letter is capital (A, F, etc.) if Caps Lock is ON, and it is in lower case (a, f, etc.) if it is OFF. Then there is quite a large empty space for the "dialogue", and to its right there is a place for more items which are shown during editing (see Chapter 3) and during printing (see Chapter 7). WordMil]l ML/4.1 2-3 THE MENU AND THE DIRECTORY THE MENU The Menu offers you the choice of the following options: | DIRECTORY | EDIT | | PAGINATE — | MERGE | TELEX | ETUP Here is a brief description of the six menu options: DIRECTORY: EDIT: PAGINATE: MERGE : TELEX: SETUP: displays a list of all the WordMill documents contained on the diskette; manipulations of these files (e.g. copying, renaming, deleting) are carried out here. Allows you to create new documents and/or edit already existing documents. Paginates a document (or combines and paginates several documents), i.e. divides the document into pages and prepares for printing on a particular printer. Merges different sets of data into a specific document, automatically creating a number of similar but not identical documents intended for different addressees, Receives telexes from an external telex device into WordMill and, conversely, transmits to the external device telexes prepared by WordMill. Enables you to change your working environment: Another keyboard layout, another language or a different printer. To begin with, the first option "DIRECTORY" is selected (appears highlighted). Press the Cursor Down key [2] on the WordMill ML/4.1 2-4 * Oo THE MENU AND THE DIRECTORY numeric keypad several times and watch the selection alter- nating between the six different options (The Cursor Up key [8] has a similar function, but alternates between the options in reverse order). You will not be able to select an option which is not included in your WordMill diskette. CHANGING THE DIALOGUE LANGUAGE Press Esc a few times and watch the Menu change from the first language to the second one and back again. It is at this stage that you must decide which language you wish to work with. The selection of the language at this time implies also a selection of a keyboard layout. Of course, you could always operate the SETUP program to attach any keyboard layout to your language. For example, while pre- paring a document in Spanish you could prefer the dialogue language to be English even though you are using a Spanish keyboard. Any document can be processed in any dialogue language. For example, a document which was created when you were working in French, can be edited while you are working in German or in English. THE DIRECTORY A directory is a list of all document names, together with their types and sizes. Position the cursor on DIRECTORY and press ENTER . The word DIRECTORY is underlined and the prompt "DIRECTORY OF DRIVE:" appears in the dialogue line. (If by mistake you activate the wrong option, press CANCEL to return to the Menu). Type either 1 or 2 depending on whether you wish to display the directory of Drive 1 or Drive 2. Note: - WordMill will not accept any other number apart from 1 or 2. - When replying to a prompt in the dialogue line, the keys on the numeric keypad represent numbers, and the DO key has the same function as the ENTER key. - 2 is the default drive value. Therefore if you wish to display the directory of Drive 2, simply press ENTER twice. WordMil] ML/4.1 2-5 THE MENU AND THE DIRECTORY The directory listing all the documents (i.e. letters, contracts, tables, etc.) existing on the drive you requested replaces the Menu on the screen. A maximum of 60 document names can be displayed on the screen at any given time. If there are more than 60 documents on the diskette, the flashing message "MORE" appears in the dialogue line. Press PgDn [3] to display more of the document names. A document name can be from one to eight characters long. Always try to use a name which will help you to identify the document later. The following characters are acceptable in a document name: * the letters of the alphabet A - Z * the numerals 0 through 9 * these 10 special characters: $#&@!%()-° Notice that the documents are displayed in numerical and alphabetical order. All letters of the alphabet contained in document names appear in UPPER case (capitals). This is true even if you key them in as lower case letters: they are automatically converted to upper case. You will see one of the following letters next to each document name: D, B, L, S, T or W. These represent the different types of documents, and are described in the next section. The number appearing after the document type shows you the number of "blocks" which that particular document occupies on the diskette. The size of each block is 1/2-K, i.e. 512 characters. Each document occupies at least two blocks, even if the document consists of a single line only. The dialogue line shows you how many blocks are still available on the diskette. If there are no documents in the directory of the drive you requested, the dialogue line showing the free space available is the only information which will appear on the screen. WordMill ML/4.1 ; 2-6 Oo THE MENU AND THE DIRECTORY WordMill DOCUMENT TYPES D Document: This is the type automatically given by WordMi1] when a new document is created; you may not edit a document unless it is of the D type. B Backup Copy: This type of document is automatically created by WordMill in the following way: when you edit (make changes to) a document, these changes are not carried out on the original document but on a newly created copy of the document. Therefore when you finish editing, there are two documents of the same document name, the original (B-type) and the new one (D-type). L Library Document: This type of document is not created by WordMill, but by you, the user. It may be ‘read’ into another document which is being edited, but may not be edited itself: You must first change its type back to D. You will probably find it useful to change to "L" those documents which need to be kept unchanged for long periods. The "L" type is also given to ‘phrase dictionaries’ of which you’1] learn later. S System Document: A System document is a WordMi11 document which has undergone a transformation and it is now capable of being edited or printed by the Operating System utilities. You cannot any more edit it by WordMill (unless you ‘import’ it into a WordMil] docu- ment), but you can send it to be printed from within WordMill, or you can exit WordMill to the operating system and further process it or send it to be printed there. T Telex Document: This refers to a telex which has been transmitted to you from a computerized telex system or read into your computer via a paper tape reader device. You can print this telex as it is but if you want to further edit it with WordMill you’11 have to ° import’ jt into a WordMill document of type D. "T" also denotes a telex which you have prepared using the COPY function of the DIRECTORY, to be transmitted by the Menu option TELEX. For the differences between an "S" document and a "T" file refer to Appendix B. WordMill ML/4.1 2-7 THE MENU AND THE DIRECTORY W WordMill Print File: This is a document which has been prepared by the Pagination program of WordMill to be printed in the background, i.e. WordMill can print such a file while editing another. DIRECTORY OPERATIONS There are five basic operations which you may perform when the directory is displayed on the screen: * change document name and/or: document type; * make a copy of a document to the same diskette or to another diskette in the other drive; * delete a document or delete a group of documents of the same type; * initiate the creation of a new document or the editing of an existing document; * initiate the printing of a document. Before carrying out any of these operations on a particular document, you must first identify it. Using the four Cursor Control keys, position the cursor on the required document name, If there are two or three columns of document names displayed on the screen, press Tab to alternate between them. Changing a Document Name and Type You may change the name and type of any document whenever you wish, remembering that two documents of the same name and type cannot reside on the same diskette, and that not any two types are interchangeable. Position the cursor on the document name. Key in the new name over the previous name. Notice that the entire document name and its type are underlined and the new characters appear highlighted as you key them in. If the new name is shorter than the previous name, replace the superfluous characters with spaces. Actually you need only replace those characters of the name which are no longer required; if, for example, only one character has to be changed, you do not have to retype the whole name, but just that single character. WordMill ML/4.1 2-8 THE MENU AND THE DIRECTORY Use a similar method to change the document type: press Cursor Right [6] until the cursor is positioned on the type-letter. Now simply key in the new letter over the previous one. (Please note: it is not essential to change the document name when you change the type; changing the type may be a separate operation). Once you are satisfied with the new document name and/or type, press DO to confirm the request. (Or press CANCEL if you change your mind: The previous name and type reappear). Note: WordMill will reject the request and the previous name and type will reappear if you: - change the name and/or type of a given document to those of an already existing one on the same diskette; - enter a character illegal for document names; - enter an unacceptable document type letter. The following table summarizes acceptable type letter changes; it also lists the full three letter file-type of each file in the PC DOS operating system. | DOS File | WordMi71 Can Be Type | Type Changed To | 2 . = n Copying a Document ; You may copy any document to the same diskette. Make sure, however, that you give the copy a different name and/or a different type. If you copy to a different diskette, the copy may of course have the same name and type as the original. WordMill ML/4.1 2-9 THE MENU AND THE DIRECTORY Use the Cursor Controls to reach the document required (the cursor may be positioned on any one of the document name characters or its type). Press COPY [Fl]. The name is highlighted. Press DO (or CANCEL if you change your mind). The flashing word "TO" appears in the dialogue line and the following prompts, one after the other: "NAME:" = key in the name of the copy and press ENTER; "TYPE:" - key in the type of the copy and press ENTER; "DRIVE:" - key in either 1 or 2 and press ENTER (only these two digits are acceptable). If the copy is to have the same name and/or the same type as the original, and/or is to be copied onto the same diskette, simply press ENTER in answer to the appropriate prompt(s). Once you have entered this information, WordMill] will check to see whether there already exists another document of the same name and type on the diskette in the drive you entered. If this is true, the flashing message "FILE EXISTS" appears in the dialogue line. Press CANCEL to cancel the COPY request, or press ENTER to return to the prompts stage. The document name flashes and the message "WAIT" appears in the dialogue line while the copying is being carried out. At the end of the process the directory reappears on the screen. The following table lists the possible destination (copy) types for each of the various WordMill document types. It also lists what other processing is done, in some cases, in addition to or instead of the copying process. WordMill ML/4.1 2-10 THE MENU AND THE DIRECTORY | Type of | Type of | | | Source | Destination | | Document | Document | Processing | D, - Copy | Copy + Convert to System file| Copy + Convert to Telex file | Copy | Copy + Convert to Telex file | | | =A tHNNNwoTwow Print Copy Print | Copy =SHvuAVHMNMHAND | | | | | | | ia | | | | | Refer back to the section "WordMil] DOCUMENT TYPES" above to understand what "convert to System file" and "convert to Telex file" mean. The meaning of "Print" is that the file is being "copied" to the printer (i.e., printed) instead of being copied to a diskette. Deleting a Document Any document which is no longer required may be deleted, leaving you with more available space on the diskette. Position the cursor on any one of the characters of the document name. Press DELETE. The name and type flash. You still have the option to cancel the request (press CANCEL) if you have made a mistake or changed your mind. Check again to make sure that you are deleting the right document. Press DO to carry out the deletion request. The name and type disappear. The next time the directory is displayed, the deleted document will no longer appear. You may delete all the existing documents of a particular type in a single operation (e.g. all the backup - B-type - documents). Position the cursor on the name of any document of that type and press DELETE. The document name flashes. Now type *. The name is replaced by a flashing row of asterisks. WordMill ML/4.1 2-11 THE MENU AND THE DIRECTORY Check again to make sure that you are deleting the right type of documents. Press DO to carry out the deletion request (Once again you still have the option to change your mind: Press CANCEL instead of D0). All the documents of that type are automatically deleted and the revised directory appears on the screen. Editing a Document The general term "editing" covers several operations: Creating a new document, correcting errors and making any kind of alteration or addition to an existing document. There are two methods of activating the EDIT option: Via the Menu or via the Directory. Menu: To revert to the Menu from the Directory, press PgDn [3] or CANCEL. (Please note that if the directory has more than 60 document names, the PgDn key causes the remain- ing directory names to be displayed. Press PgDn again to return to the Menu). Use the Cursor Down [2] key to position the cursor on the "EDIT" option. Press ENTER, DO or SELECT. "EDIT" is underlined and the prompt "DOCUMENT NAME:" appears in the dialogue line. Key in the name of the document you require and press ENTER. WordMil] will search for the document first of all on the Drive 1 diskette and then on the Drive 2 diskette. If the document is not found on either, WordMill will automatically create for you a new document on the Drive 2 diskette. The prompt "COLUMN WIDTH:" appears in the dialogue line. Key in the width of the column (i.e. the number of characters in a Tine) that you require and press ENTER. Directory: In order to edit an already existing document, position the cursor on any character of its name and press SELECT [5] (Remember: The document type must be D). The name and type appear in reverse video. Press DO to confirm the request (or CANCEL, if you change your mind). The document is displayed on the screen. If you wish to create a new document, position the cursor on an empty space in one of the directory columns. Key in the document name and press DO. The name appears in reverse WordMill ML/4.1 2-12 Oo THE MENU AND THE DIRECTORY video as before. Now press DO to confirm the request. The prompt "COLUMN WIDTH:" appears in the dialogue line. Enter the width required as described above, The new document format replaces the directory on the screen. Note: If you enter the name of a document already existing on that diskette either by mistake or intentionally, that is the document which will appear on your screen. Summary: If you use the "Menu Edit” option to create a new document, it is automatically created on the Drive 2 disk- ette. If you use the "Directory Edit" option to create a new document, it is automatically created on the same drive. If you use the "Menu Edit" option to edit an existing document, WordMill will first look for a document of that name in Drive 1, then in Drive 2. Therefore if there are two identically named documents, one on the Drive 1 diskette and another on the Drive 2 diskette, WordMil] will automatically choose the document on the Drive 1 diskette. Printing a Document The instructions to print documents are given via the directory. In “Copying a Document" above you have learned that S-type or T-type files can be “copied” to the printer. To begin a background printing of a document use the Cursor Control keys to position the cursor on the name of the document to be printed (remember: it must be of the type W). Press SELECT [5]. The name appears in reverse video and you may then either confirm (press DO) or cancel (press CANCEL) the request. A full explanation of how to carry out this operation is given in Chapter 7 “Pagination and Printing". PRINTING THE DIRECTORY Any screen display can be immediately printed on the printer using the PRINT SCREEN option. You will find it very useful to keep a printed copy of the diskette directory in the diskette envelope, especially when you have a number of diskettes. WordMill ML/4.1 2-13 THE MENU AND THE DIRECTORY Make sure that your printer is connected, switched on and in the "ready" state. Press PRINT SCREEN [Shift+PrtSc]. This prompt appears in the dialogue line: "SET HORIZONTAL PITCH then Enter". Horizontal pitch refers to the number of characters to an inch. Key in one of the following values: 5, 6, 8, 10 (default), 12, 16 and then press ENTER. If you wish to use the default value, just press ENTER. The next prompt: "SET PITCH, QUALITY & MARGIN (6/8/H/L/ + + } t) then Enter" replaces the previous prompt in the dialogue line. The PITCH in this case refers to the vertical pitch, i.e. the number of lines per inch. Choose either 6 (default) or 8. QUALITY refers to the print quality; type either High or Low (default). You may adjust the MARGIN by using the Cursor Left [4] and Cursor Right [6] keys to move the printer head, and you may move the paper up or down using the Cursor Down [2] or the Cursor Up [8] keys. Press now ENTER. (Again, if you wish to use the pitch and quality default values and do not wish to adjust the margin, just press ENTER). Watch the printer print the text display- ed on the screen, excluding the top row (Ruler) and the Dialogue line. Note: On certain printers, the printer head will not move as you press the Cursor Left and Cursor Right keys, but the margin will still be set at the position you stipulate. Similarly, you may not move the paper down on all types of printers. WordMill ML/4.1 2-14 Chapter 3: CONTENTS OPERATING MODES. . . Changing from One Mode. to “another CREATING A NEW DOCUMENT . . . . AUTOMATIC WRAPAROUND. . . « END OF PARAGRAPH . . «© - «© DELETING WHILE TYPING. . . «. . SPACES; « « «© 2 & & © & Regular space. . . . « «© Hard Space. . . . «© «© «© «@ Soft Spaces « « « ® wm « & PARAGRAPH INDENT . . <# BOLD AND UNDERLINED CHARACTERS. . SUPERSCRIPTS AND SUBSCRIPTS. . QUAD LEFT, QUAD RIGHT AND CENTERED VERTICAL SCROLLING. . . « . HORIZONTAL SCROLLING. . . . CURSOR MOVEMENT. . . » « oe © @ PRINT SCREEN. . . DISPLAYING THE DOCUMENT NANE GRAPHIC CHARACTERS. . . «© « SCIENTIFIC CHARACTERS. . «7s. THE "SAVE" OPERATION. . | . THE "EXIT DOCUMENT" OPTION. . THE "QUIT DOCUMENT" OPTION . WordMill ML/4.1 PREPARING A DOCUMENT . 7 © © e ee . oe . . oe «oe ID TREAD GE CE CD Lat aD SAE CaS GD A ad HS Nae Tee, (EEO EO sie 1? RRR RR RR RRB rE OOMONHNNNTNOAADAAANN SW WW Onpe Sf PwNMNNMrre COO Notes WordMill ML/4.1 3-2 PREPARING A DOCUMENT OPERATING MODES WordMill’s Editor operates in three "Keyboard Modes": TYP typing EDT editing INS inserting and deleting The ‘mode’ you are using is shown in the left hand corner of the dialogue line. The switching between any two of the ‘modes’ is almost completely automatic. TYP This mode is in use when you begin to create a new document or when you add new text to an already existing document. The instructions in this chapter refer to the TYP mode, unless stated otherwise. EDT The editing mode is activated when you make any kind of alteration or correction to text which you have already typed. In this mode, text can be shifted, moved, copied, deleted, rearranged etc. INS This mode is activated when you hit the INSERT key to insert new text between existing words, or when you press the DELETE key to delete existing characters. As soon as you revert to the TYP or EDT mode, the existing text is automatically rearranged according to the format in use. Note: The TYP and INS modes are identified by a ‘box-like’ cursor. The ‘underline’ cursor identifies the EDT mode. Changing from One Mode to Another TYP to EDT: Press CANCEL, SELECT [5], any of the Cursor Control keys, PgUp [9] or PgDn [3]. EDT to TYP: Press DO - the cursor moves to the first position on that line at which you may resume typing; OR start typing at the first position on the line which does not contain any text. WordMill ML/4.1 3-3 PREPARING A DOCUMENT EDT to INS: Press INSERT or DELETE. INS to EDT: Press INSERT again, or SELECT or CANCEL (the cursor remains on the same character); OR press the Cursor Control keys, PgUp [9], PgDn [3] (the cursor moves to a new position). INS to TYP: Press DO - the cursor jumps to the first location on that line at which typing may be resumed. CREATING A NEW DOCUMENT The two methods of creating a new document have already been described in "Directory Operations" in Chapter 2, but just to refresh your memory here is a brief explanation again: Via the Menu: Position the cursor on the EDIT option. Press ENTER (or DO or SELECT). The prompt "DOCUMENT NAME:" appears in the dialogue line. Enter the name. The prompt "COLUMN WIDTH:" replaces the "NAME" prompt. If you wish to use the default (standard) column width (see Chapter 11), simply press ENTER. Otherwise, enter the width you require, remembering that the minimum column width is 14 and the maximum is 254. WordMill will reject any narrower or wider column and will wait for an acceptable width to be entered. Via the Directory: Position the cursor on an empty space in one of the columns. Type the document name. Press DO to confirm the request. The prompt "COLUMN WIDTH:" appears in the dialogue line. Enter the width you require as described above, Once you have entered the column width, the new document format appears on the screen. The dialogue line displays the following information: "TYP" in the left-hand corner shows that you are in the typing mode. On its right, a letter indicates two things: The keyboard layout and the status of the Caps Lock key. WordMill ML/4.1 3-4 © PREPARING A DOCUMENT For example, "F" indicates a French keyboard and upper case, "d" indicates German keyboard and lower case and "i" denotes an Italian keyboard and lower case. In the right-hand corner are three sets of numbers: (from left to right): 0001 - the cursor is in the first line of the document 01 - the cursor is in the first row (out of 22) on the screen 001 - the cursor is in the first column of the line (the maximum number which can appear here is, of course, the number you entered as the column width). The line at the top of the screen is called the ruler line, in which a ‘shadow’ of the cursor shows you its position in any given line. You will learn how to use the other features of the ruler line shortly. Note: Neither the dialogue line nor the ruler line is printed when printing instructions are given. The rest of the screen is covered with 22 rows of dots. The number of dots in each row signifies the maximum number of characters you may enter in any given line, i.e. the column width you requested. Using the Cursor Control keys, move the cursor to different parts of the screen. Notice that the TYP mode automatically changes to the EDT mode. Watch the numbers in the dialogue line change and the cursor shadow in the ruler line move accordingly. AUTOMATIC WRAPAROUND When you reach the end of a line, you need not press ENTER (carrier return). You have already specified the column width you require, and any word which will not fit into that width is moved to the next line automatically. This feature is called automatic wraparound. You may find however that too much space is sometimes left at the end of a line when the next word is too long to fit WordMill ML/4.1 3-5 PREPARING A DOCUMENT into it. To rectify this you may use the hyphenation option (which is described later) when all the text has been typed. END OF PARAGRAPH Press the ENTER key when you wish to signify the end of a paragraph, even if the paragraph only consists of a single line. If you wish to separate two paragraphs by a blank line, press ENTER again. The “End of Paragraph’ sign appears on the screen as a left-pointing triangle and is not printed. All lines which end with this sign will not be printed right justified. Conversely, if a line does not end with the end of paragraph sign, the line will be printed right justified even if it is a very short line! DELETING WHILE TYPING If you make a mistake while typing text, press BACKSPACE. The last character you typed is automatically deleted. Keep on pressing the same key for as many characters as you wish to delete and then continue typing. You may also type over incorrect characters. Strictly speaking, however, you are not deleting the incorrect characters, but are replacing them with correct ones. Note: You may only delete as many characters as there are on a given line using BACKSPACE. Once the cursor reaches the beginning of the line, it will not move back to the previous line, even if you keep on pressing the key. SPACES There are three different kinds of spaces in WordMill: 1. Regular Space [SPACE BAR]: appears on the screen as a blank space. You may not begin a new line with a regular space because of the automatic wraparound feature. Try pressing the space bar at the beginning of a new line and see that nothing happens. WordMil] ML/4.1 3-6 PREPARING A DOCUMENT When you request justification as one of the pagination instructions (see "Pagination Instructions" in Chapter 7) this space may be expanded and is printed as a varying amount of white space. 2. Hard Space [Alt+SPACE BAR]: appears on the screen as a triangle. A hard space cannot be expanded and takes up the space of exactly one character when printed. Use a hard space(s) for paragraph indentation, or for any other space which must always remain constant. You may sometimes wish to ensure that two (or more) words are not separated by the automatic wraparound feature or by later editing. Use the hard space instead of the regular space to separate the two words when typing, and they will always be treated as a single unit. 3. Soft Space [Ctr1+SPACE BAR]: appears on the screen as an ‘upside-down’ triangle. As with a hard space, a soft space also ensures that two (or more) words are treated as a single unit and are not separated. However, a soft space may be expanded where necessary when (and if) justification of the text is carried out during paginat- jon. PARAGRAPH INDENT When typing text, it is usual to indent the first line of a new paragraph. You have already learned that you may not use a regular space to begin a new line. You can, of course, begin a new paragraph by typing the desired number of hard spaces. However, WordMill offers you an easier method: Setting a Paragraph Indent value. Press INDENT [F9]. If you are in the TYP or INS mode, the mode automatically changes to EDT and the prompt "PARAG. INDENT:" appears in the dialogue line. Key in the value that you require, i.e. the number of spaces that the first line of a paragraph is to be indented. Press ENTER. The prompt disappears and the cursor jumps back to its previous position in the text. WordMill ML/4.1 3-7 PREPARING A DOCUMENT Each time you begin a new paragraph, press SPACE BAR. The indented area is filled with a number of hard spaces equal to the current value of the PARAGRAPH INDENT parameter. Hard spaces are used for the obvious reason that justification may cause either regular spaces or soft spaces to expand; hard spaces will always remain fixed. The paragraph indent value may be changed at any time. BOLD AND UNDERLINED CHARACTERS When you type new text, you will often need to emphasize certain words or even single characters by typing them in bold or by underlining them, or both. Press BOLD [7]. Notice the Automatic Bold symbol (2) which ‘appears in the dialogue line to the right of the keyboard letter. All the text which you type now will appear on the screen brighter than usual (and will be printed in bold on paper) until you press BOLD [7] again, when the Automatic Bold symbol will disappear from the dialogue line. The underlining feature is activated in a similar way. Press UNDERLINE [1]. The Automatic Underline symbol (—) appears in the dialogue line to the right of the keyboard letter. Al] the text which you type now will appear on the screen underlined (and will of course be printed underlined) until you press UNDERLINE [1] again, when the Automatic Underline symbol will disappear from the dialogue line. You may activate, simultaneously if you wish, both the Automatic Bold and Automatic Underline features in the TYP mode or the INS mode. When in the EDT mode, you may alter regular type to bold faced (and/or underlined) type. Position the cursor under the character you wish to alter and press BOLD [7] (or UNDERLINE [1]). The Automatic symbols do not appear in the dialogue line but the characters on the screen are altered accordingly. Keep on pressing the same key until all the characters needed have been emphasized. This feature is not limited to characters on a single line: the cursor proceeds to the WordMill ML/4.1 3-8 PREPARING A DOCUMENT beginning of the next line as soon as an entire line has been emphasized. In order to remove an emphasis, merely repeat the same step: Position the cursor under the character to be altered and press BOLD [7] (or UNDERLINE [1]). Notice how the emphasis of the characters on the screen disappears as the cursor moves. Note: The Bold and Underline attributes cannot be added or removed simultaneously in the EDT mode. You must perform each step separately. SUPERSCRIPTS AND SUBSCRIPTS Superscripts and subscripts appear on the screen as regular characters with an “underline”. (If you underline a superscript or subscript, the character will flash as well). When printed, a superscript appears slightly above the rest of the line, and a subscript slightly below the rest of the Tine. In the EDT mode, when you position the cursor on a superscript or subscript, an arrow pointing up (to identify a superscript) or down (to identify a subscript) replaces that character until you move the cursor again. Superscripted and subscripted characters are typed in a similar way to bold and underlined characters. Press SUPERSCRIPT [Alt+8]. Notice the Automatic Superscript symbol (an up-pointing arrow) appear in the dialogue line to the right of the keyboard letter. All the characters that you type now will be superscripted until you press SUPERSCRIPT [Alt+8] again, and the automatic symbol disappears from the dialogue line. Activate the subscript in the same way: Press SUBSCRIPT [Alt+2]. The Automatic Subscript symbol (a down-pointing arrow) appears in the dialogue line to the right of the keyboard letter. All the characters that you type now will be subscripted until you press SUBSCRIPT [Alt+2] again and the automatic symbol disappears from the dialogue line. WordMill ML/4.1 3-9 PREPARING A DOCUMENT If you wish to change a regular character to a superscript (or subscript) when in the EDT mode, position the cursor under the character required and press SUPERSCRIPT [A1t+8] (or SUBSCRIPT [Alt+2]). Keep on pressing either of those keys for as many characters as you require. Conversely, if you wish to change a superscript (or a subscript) back to a regular character, merely repeat the same step. The "underlining" is removed from the altered characters accordingly. QUAD LEFT, QUAD RIGHT AND CENTERED TEXT There are three different types of "Quad" text: Quad left (text is aligned to the left margin), quad right (text is aligned to the right margin) and quad center (text is centered across the width of the line). Quad text is useful for headings and cannot be justified. Note: Quad Left and Quad Right are also called "Flush Left" and "Flush Right". Type the text which is to be "Quadded". Press QUAD [F7] - nothing happens yet. Then press one of the three cursor controls: Cursor Left [4] (for quad left), Cursor Right [6] (for quad right) or Cursor Up [8] (for centered). The text is automatically aligned to the left margin, or to the right margin, or centered across the line, as you instructed. Notice that an End of Paragraph sign appears at the end of the line, and the cursor jumps to the beginning of the next line. VERTICAL SCROLLING Vertical scrolling is the term used to describe how lines of text which are displayed on the screen are pushed upward and then off the top of the screen or pushed downward and then off the bottom of the screen. When in the TYP or INS mode, vertical scrolling occurs auto- matically as soon as the screen is filled up with 22 lines of text. WordMill ML/4.1 3-10 PREPARING A DOCUMENT In the EDT mode, you can cause vertical scrolling to happen by pressing the Cursor Down [2] key (after line no, 22). Keep your finger on the key for continuous scrolling. Similarly, press the Cursor Up [8] key for scrolling in the opposite direction. Notice that the document line number in the dialogue line changes accordingly. In order to display the text screen by screen rather than line by line, press SCREEN DOWN [3]. The message "SCREEN" together with a down-pointing arrow and "WAIT" appears momentarily in the dialogue line. The last line of text from the previous screen appears as the first line of text on the following screen. Similarly, to display the text screen by screen in reverse order, press SCREEN UP [9]. The message "SCREEN" together with an up-pointing arrow appears momentarily in the dial- ogue line. The first line of text on the screen appears as the last line of the previous screen. HORIZONTAL SCROLLING You have already learned that the maximum width of a docu- ment is 254 characters, but the screen can only display a maximum of 80 characters at any given time. Horizontal scrolling is the term used to describe how characters are ‘pushed’ to the left of and then off the screen by new char- acters being typed on the right. When in the TYP mode, horizontal scrolling of all the lines of text displayed occurs automatically as soon as new characters are typed on any given line after character position 80. In the EDT mode, simply press Cursor Right [6] or Cursor Left [4] - continuously if you wish - to cause horizontal scrolling in the direction you require. The Horizontal Scrol] Parameter default value in the WMPARAMS file is 1 (see Chapter 11 "The WMPARAMS File"). This means that a single-character column is replaced on one side of the screen by another appearing on the other side in WordMil] ML/4.1 3-11 PREPARING A DOCUMENT a single movement. This value may be changed so that wider columns - up to a width of 80 (i.e. the width of a screen) - may be replaced each time. You will find this particularly useful when you are typing wide tables or when using ‘slow’ screens (e.g. "color/graphic" screen). CURSOR MOVEMENT You may use the Cursor Control keys to move the cursor to any position in the text you have typed. There are, however, special keys (or combinations of keys) which allow you to move the cursor to a particular position in one movement, as follows: i. os. CO dC ee | To Reach ... | Use Keys ... | Top of Document TOP SCREEN [Alt+PgUp] Bottom of Document | Line No. nnnn Right Edge of Screen Left Edge of Screen SELECT < Top Edge of Screen | SELECT ft | BOTTOM SCREEN [A1t+PgDn]| | | | | | | | | | Bottom Edge of Screen | SELECT 4 | | | | | n| | | | | SELECT LINE nnnn <—! SELECT + Right Margin of Line Alt+ <4 Next Tab or Left Margin| Tab Next Word Alt+ + | | Previous Word | Alt + + PRINT SCREEN You have already learned how to print the directory using the PRINT SCREEN option. The same method may be used to print any text displayed on the screen. In fact you can print a whole document in this way by printing one screen after another. Remember that the results of the Print Screen method are not very impressive and are therefore recommended for draft versions only, or for simple jobs such as printing a short memo or the address on an envelope. More sophisticated results can be obtained using the Pagination and Printing functions which you will learn about later. WordMill ML/4.1 3-12 0 PREPARING A DOCUMENT Refer back to "Directory Operations" in Chapter 2 to refresh your memory as to the meanings of the different terms. Carry out the following instructions: 1. If you are printing an entire document, press TOP SCREEN [Alt+9] to display the top screen. Make sure that the printer is switched on. Press PRINT [Shift+PrtSc]. Set the Horizontal Pitch (optional). Press ENTER. Set the Vertical Pitch, Print Quality and Margin (optional). 7. Press ENTER. DO S&S WP ee e eo The printer will print all the text displayed on the screen, excluding the dialogue and ruler lines. If you are printing more than one screen, position the cursor on the bottom line of the screen and press Cursor Down [2]. This is to prevent the last line of the previous screen reappearing as the first line af the following screen as described in "Vertical Scrolling" above. Then press SCREEN DOWN [3] and carry out the above instructions from Step 3. Repeat this sequence as many times as necessary. Note: Once you have set Print Screen parameters (horizontal pitch, vertical pitch, print quality and margin), you don’t have to set any of them again unless you want to change its value. DISPLAYING THE DOCUMENT NAME You may at any point verify the name of the document that you are working on, Press DOCUMENT [A1t+F7]. The message "DOCUMENT NAME:" together with the name itself is displayed in the dialogue line. Press CANCEL if you want to clear the dialogue line. WordMiTl ML/4.1 3-13 PREPARING A DOCUMENT GRAPHIC CHARACTERS 11 graphic characters can be displayed on the screen. “Dot matrix’ printers usually print all of these, as shown in the following table. “Daisy Wheel’ printers will usually only print a few of these characters, while the remaining ones will print as spaces. Graphic characters are useful for ‘drawing’ frames for tables. The 11 characters are obtained by pressing Ctr] together with one of the nine keys of the numeric keypad and with [+] and [-]. The following table shows the 11 Graphic Characters. Ctr] + Key on | Graphic Ctrl + Key on | Graphic Numeric Keypad | Character | Numeric Keypad | Character 1 7 | | | | # | | | | | | 2 ; os | 8 , | | | | | | | 3 i | 9 bi | | | | | | | 4 | | . | | | | | | | | | 5 | t+ | ? i vs | | | | | | | | | | | SCIENTIFIC CHARACTERS A set of 31 scientific characters for use in mathematical formulas may also be obtained, both on the screen and print- ed. A full description of how to use them appears later in "Editing and Printing Formulas" of Chapter 9. THE "SAVE" OPERATION You might lose all the text you have typed unless you carry out the SAVE operation. When you leave a document via the EXIT option (see below), the document jis saved auto- matically. However, as mentioned in “Protecting Your Work" WordMill ML/4.1 3-14 PREPARING A DOCUMENT in Chapter 1, it is a good idea to save your work every half hour or so. In case of a hardware failure or a power cut, the document will be in the state that it was when you per- formed the last SAVE. Press SAVE [Alt+F2]. The prompt "SAVE ? [Do/Cancel]" appears in the dialogue line. Press DO to confirm the request. The flashing message “WAIT” appears next to the prompt and a copy of the document is recorded onto the diskette. As soon as the SAVE process is finished - it takes only a short while depending on the length of the document - the prompt and the message disappear. You may resume work from where you left off. THE "EXIT DOCUMENT" OPTION When you have finished the editing of a document, use the EXIT option to return to the Menu. Press EXIT [F10]. The prompt “SAVE & EXIT ? [Do/Cancel]" appears in the dialogue line. Press DO to confirm the request (or CANCEL if you change your mind). The name of the document and the flashing message "WAIT" appear in the dialogue line. The document is recorded onto the diskette. When the operation is complete, the Menu reappears on the screen. When you use the EXIT option to leave a document, the text which you recorded during the last SAVE operation is stored as a Backup (B-type) document. In order to verify this, display the directory on the screen. You will see that there are now two document types of the same name, i.e. the B-type and the D-type which is of course the later, edited version. Even if no SAVE operation has been made during the entire editing session, there will be a Backup copy (B-type). This document will record the state of the edited document before the session had begun. Should you decide that the Backup copy will be of use to you sometime in the future, remember to change its name and/or type. If you fail to do so, it will be erased altogether the next time you edit the (D-type) document. WordMill ML/4.1 3-15 PREPARING A DOCUMENT THE “QUIT DOCUMENT" OPTION The QUIT option gives you a way to leave a document without recording the changes you have made, If you do leave the document via the QUIT option, all your work since the last SAVE operation will be lost. If you have not performed any SAVE operation at all, the entire work done in this ‘editing session’ will be lost. Press QUIT [A1t+F9]. The prompt "QUIT ? [Do/Cancel]" appears in the dialogue line. If you change your mind, press CANCEL. Otherwise, press DO to confirm the request. The Menu immed- jately reappears on the screen. WordMill ML/4.1 3-16 Chapter 4: THE RULER CONTENTS THE RULER. « » «© © & © » RULER EDITING . . ‘ Resetting Left and Right Margins Setting and Deleting Tab Stops . Use of Tab Stops in the TYP Mode Use of Tab Stops in the EDT Mode Tab Filler Character . . Setting and Deleting Margin Indentation Points. Using Indentation Points. . . COPIES OF THE RULER LINE. . . WordMill ML/4.1 PPpPpP HHS ppp D i i WOOnNIHAAN HS Sw 4-1 Notes WordMill ML/4.1 4-2 THE RULER THE RULER The ruler appears above the text lines as a row of high- lighted dots, separated from the text by an unbroken high- lighted line; it is never printed. Its function is for you to see at a glance the positions of: * the left and right margins * the cursor at any given time, shown by the "cursor shadow" * tab stops * margin indentation points When you create a new document and the document format first appears on the screen, only the left and right margins are shown in the ruler line. You may change their positions whenever you wish to do so, while typing or editing text. The Left Margin (a left-pointing triangle, similar to the End of Paragraph sign) is of course positioned on 001. The Right Margin (a highlighted right-pointing triangle) is positioned on the number you stipulated as the column width. Since the shadow cursor is, to begin with, also positioned on 001, the left margin appears in reverse video. When you move the cursor, the shadow cursor moves as well and the left margin reverts to its normal form, You may insert new and/or delete existing tab stops and indentation points in the ruler whenever you wish. A docu- ment may contain text created under several different rulers. For your convenience the ruler can be copied into the text when necessary. WordMill ML/4.1 4-3 THE RULER RULER EDITING There are three different kinds of ruler editing operations: Resetting left and right margins, setting tab stops, and setting margin indentation points. You may carry out ruler Operations whenever you are in the EDT or the TYP modes. Resetting Left and Right Margins Press RULER [Alt+F1l]. The message "RULER: < ] [ ft } Copy" appears in the dialogue line. Simultaneously, a flashing question mark appears next to the left margin in the ruler line. Type [. The question mark disappears and the left margin symbol starts to blink. Using the Cursor Right [6] and Cursor Left [4] keys move the left margin symbol to its new setting and press INSERT. The symbol is then fixed in that position and the flashing question mark reappears immediately to its right. You may now change the setting of the right margin in a similar manner, using the ] key. To exit from the ruler line and resume normal typing (or editing), press EXIT [F10]. Although the cursor moves when- ever you carry out any ruler operation, it returns to exact- ly the same position as it was before you entered the ruler line; no changes have been made to the text, and the "RULER" message disappears from the dialogue line. After you have reset the left and/or right margins, any text typed from then on, beginning from the next new line, will wrap around according to the new settings. It is possible, however, to cause certain lines or para- graphs of text to have different left and/or right margins from those displayed in the ruler. Highlighting text enables you to see at a glance the positions of the left and right margins. You will learn how to rearrange and highlight text in Chapter 5. WordMill ML/4.1 4-4 oO oO THE RULER Setting and Deleting Tab Stops Tab stops should be set when you wish to create a ruler for a table. There are two kinds of tab stops: Left aligned and right aligned. A left aligned tab stop (down-pointing arrow) causes the text of the column to be flush (or "quad") left under the tab stop. A right aligned tab stop (up-pointing arrow) causes the text of the column to be flush (or "quad") right under the tab stop. This is useful for numeric columns, among other things. Left Aligned Tab Stops: Press RULER [Alt+Fl]. The "RULER" message appears in the dialogue line and the blinking question mark appears in the ruler line next to the left margin symbol. Press the Cursor Down key [2]. A flashing 4} symbol replaces the question mark. Using the Cursor Right (6] and Cursor Left [4] keys, move the symbol to the req- uired position and press INSERT. Repeat this step until you have set all the left aligned tab stops that you need. Press EXIT [F10] to return to the “question mark” stage. You may now press EXIT [F10] again to resume typing (or editing) from the point that you entered the ruler; or you may continue with any ruler editing opera- tion. Right Aligned Tab Stops: The instructions for setting right aligned tab stops are similar. Press RULER [Alt+F1l]. The "RULER" message appears in the dialogue line and the flash- ing question mark appears in the ruler line next to the left margin symbol. Press the Cursor Up key [8]. A blinking t symbol replaces the question mark. Using the Cursor Right [6] and Cursor Left [4] keys, move the symbol to the req- uired position and press INSERT. Repeat this step until you have set all the right aligned tab stops that you need. Press EXIT [F10] to return to the “question mark’ stage. Press EXIT [F10] again to resume typing (or editing) from the point that you entered the WordMill ML/4.1 4-5 THE RULER ruler; the message "RULER" disappears from the dialogue line. If you wish to delete a tab stop which has already been set, merely move the flashing tab stop symbol to that position and press DELETE. You may use a left aligned tab stop symbol to delete a right aligned tab and vice versa. Use of Tab Stops in the TYP Mode Press TAB. The cursor automatically jumps to the next tab stop marked on the ruler. Type the required text. Press TAB again. The text is automatically aligned either to the left or right according to whether the tab stop was left or right aligned. The cursor jumps to the next tab stop. If there are no more tabs marked on the ruler, the cursor jumps to the Right Margin of that line. Press TAB again. An End of Paragraph sign is automatically inserted, and the cursor jumps to the beginning of the next line. Use of Tab Stops in the EDT Mode When you press TAB in the EDT mode, the cursor jumps to the next tab stop in that line. As in the TYP mode, if there are no more tabs marked on the ruler, the cursor jumps to the Right Margin of that line. Press TAB again and the cursor will jump to the beginning of the next line, and so on. No alterations are made to the text. Tab Filler Character It is sometimes useful to “fill in’ the distance up to the next tab stop with a particular character (asterisk, dash, etc.). To set the Tab Filler character you require, make sure that you are in the EDT mode (reminder: you can press CANCEL if you need to change from the TYP mode to the EDT mode), and then press TAB until the cursor reaches the bot~- tom of the screen and the prompt "“TAB’ FILLER:" appears in the dialogue line. Type in the Tab Filler character you require, and press ENTER. The prompt disappears from the dialogue line. From now on every time you press TAB in the TYP mode, the space up to the next tab stop is ‘filled’ with that character. WordMil] ML/4.1 4-6 (o} THE RULER You may change the tab filler character at any time. If you no longer require a filler character, repeat the procedure described above and enter a space (press SPACE BAR) for the Tab Filler character. You may also use a space as the tab filler character if you need to clear all or part of the screen, i.e. fill it with blank spaces. Note: If a small square dot appears in the dialogue line after the "TAB FILLER" prompt, this means that you have pressed the Tab key too many times. Merely press BACKSPACE to delete the dot and then type the filler character you require. The square dot can represent a Tab Filler character and is called "TAB". However, its use is slightly more complicated and will be explained fully in Chapter 9. Setting and Deleting Margin Indentation Points When you are typing text, you will often find that certain parts of it need to be “set in’ from the left margin. This js called indentation. You may set margin indentation points in the ruler line in as many positions as you require. Activating the margin indentation causes all the text typed from then on to be ‘wrapped around’ with the margin indent- ation point as the temporary left margin. Setting margin indentation points is a similar operation to setting tab stops. Press RULER [AIt+F1l]. The "RULER" message appears in the dialogue line and the flashing question mark appears in the ruler line next to the left margin symbol. Type < (or ">", there is no difference between the two). A flashing margin indentation symbol (<) replaces the question mark. Using the Cursor Right [6] and Cursor Left [4] keys, move the symbol to the required position and press INSERT. Repeat this step until you have set all the margin indent- ation points that you need. Press EXIT [F10] to return to the ‘question mark’ stage, which enables you to select another ruler symbol to be set. When you are finished, press EXIT [F10] again to resume typing (or editing) from the point that you entered the ruler. WordMill ML/4.1 4-7 THE RULER If you wish to delete a margin indentation point which has already been set, merely move any blinking ruler symbol to that position and press DELETE. Note: - You may substitute one ruler symbol with another one by inserting a new tab stop or indentation point ‘on top of* the old one. - When resetting either a left or right margin, you will delete an already existing tab stop or indent- ation point by moving the margin symbol ‘over’ them. Using Indentation Points When in the TYP mode, press MARGIN INDENT —> [Alt+6]. The cursor jumps to the first margin indentation point that you set on the ruler. Notice also that the left margin symbol and the indentation symbol in the ruler line have inter- changed. Press MARGIN INDENT —> [Alt+6] again until the cursor reaches the position at which you wish to start typ- ing. (If you press the keys too many times, press MARGIN INDENT <— [Alt+4] to return to the previous indentation point). All the text that you type from now on will be wrapped around at this new temporary left margin. You may reset the indentation only at the beginning of a new line by pressing MARGIN INDENT <— [A1t+4] as many times as necessary until the cursor is on 001 again. The left margin symbol and the indentation symbol in the ruler line revert to their original positions. If you press MARGIN INDENT —> [Alt+6] on a line which already contains some text, the area between the cursor and the next indentation point is filled with Hard Spaces. Nothing happens if you press MARGIN INDENT <— [Al1t+4] on such a line. Note: You may not activate the margin indentation in the INS mode: Insert Hard Spaces instead. WordMil] ML/4.1 4-8 THE RULER COPIES OF THE RULER LINE You will find it useful to have a copy of the ruler immed- jately above certain kinds of ‘difficult’ text, in partic- ular tables. This is because you will probably have more than one table of different column widths to type in a given document. As in the case of the ruler line, ruler copies are not printed, Position the cursor at the beginning of an empty line onto which you wish to copy the ruler, making sure that you are in the TYP mode. Press RULER [Alt+F1]. The "RULER" message appears in the dialogue line, and the flashing question mark in the ruler line. Press COPY [Fl]. The message and the question mark disappear and a copy of the ruler appears in the empty line. The cursor jumps to the beginning of the next empty line and you may resume typing. A ruler is only effective in its ‘native’ location - the row above the text lines. Therefore when you wish to edit text under a given ruler, you should replace the ruler line with that copy. Position the cursor anywhere on the Ruler Copy. Press RULER [Alt+F1l]. The "RULER" message appears in the dialogue line. Press COPY [Fl]. The previous contents of the ruler are replaced by the contents of the ruler copy. WordMill ML/4.1 4-9 Notes WordMill ML/4.1 Chapter 5: CONTENTS CHANGING EXISTING TEXT INSERTING CHARACTERS . DELETING CHARACTERS OVERTYPING SEPARATING TEXT INTO TWO ” PARAGRAPHS 7 UNITING TWO PARAGRAPHS ADDING NEW TEXT. DIRECTORY OPERATIONS DURING "EDITING INCORPORATING A LIBRARY DOCUMENT . THE ‘IMPORT’ OPTION . HIGHLIGHTING. . . . Highlighting a Column Highlighting a Block of Lines OPERATIONS ON HIGHLIGHTED BLOCKS Copying a Block of Text Moving a Block of Text. ‘Quad’ Operations . Rearranging Text. . Widening a Document. . . . . Shifting a Block of Lines. Deleting a Block of Text . Inserting a Column of Filler Characters . FINDING AND REPLACING. A Character String . Finding a Character String . Replacing a Character String. Automatic Find and Replace EDITING A DOCUMENT Replacing an Emphasized String . HYPHENATION . WordMill ML/4.1 7 2 28 «@ . . ° . . . eo 28 8 « . . AO rin ini ini innrnrriainriairainniarirriainoaaina 1 iy t i t 1 t 14 14 4 1 1 ' MDM RRR RRR RR RRP RP RP rPrP WOW WAANHN HLS |S DW WwW rFPFowwowmwoontnrtoaannawonenao t ' 1 ' 1 1 1 t 1 1 Notes WordMill ML/4.1 5-2 EDITING A DOCUMENT CHANGING EXISTING TEXT This chapter deals mainly with the WordMil] hetertaits of -introducing changes to texts which are already existing: Fhis may be an old document which you want to make some changes to, or it may be an entirely new document which is in the process of being put together. There are two methods of returning to a document which has already been created. These have been described in the sec- tion "Directory Operations" of Chapter 2, but here is a brief reminder: Menu: Highlight the "EDIT" option, and press ENTER. The prompt “DOCUMENT NAME:" appears in the dialogue line. Key in the name of the document you require and press ENTER. Directory: Display the directory. Position the cursor on the document name you require and press SELECT [5]. Remem- ber that the document type must be D. Press DO to con- firm the request. The document you have selected appears on the screen after a few seconds; the mode is EDT and the cursor is positioned on the first line, under the left margin. If the document is a long one, the message "WAIT" appears in the dialogue line as long as the text is being read from the disk into memory. INSERTING CHARACTERS You will already have noticed that most of the operations that can be carried out in the TYP mode can also be carried out in the INS mode. This is because the INS mode is in fact a sub-mode of the TYP mode. You may insert as many characters as you need anywhere in text which has already been typed. Position the cursor on the character before which new characters are to be insert- ed. Press INSERT. The mode changes from EDT to INS, and the message “INSERT" appears in the dialogue line. Type the characters to be inserted. WordMill ML/4.1 §-3 EDITING A DOCUMENT If you make a mistake while typing in the INS mode, simply press BACKSPACE as you would in the TYP mode. Then continue typing the characters to be inserted. The text following is pushed to the right margin and then to the next line in an arbitrary manner. WordMill will rearrange the text properly, as soon as you complete the insertion. When you have finished inserting the characters you can return to the EDT mode in one of several different ways: - press INSERT again; - press CANCEL; - press any of the Cursor Control keys. DELETING CHARACTERS Position the cursor on the first character which is to be deleted. Press DELETE. The mode automatically changes to INS and the message "DELETE" appears in the dialogue line. Press DELETE again. The character on which the cursor is position- ed is deleted and the text following “moves up’ to take its place. Keep on pressing DELETE until you have deleted all the unnecessary characters. If you now wish to insert new text instead, just type in the new text. The DELETE operation is automatically changed to INSERT as shown by the message in the dialogue line. Revert to the EDT mode by one of the methods described above. OVERTYPING Overtyping characters in the EDT mode jis another method of deleting them. Strictly speaking though, you are not delet- ing but replacing the previous character with a new one. In fact, this method is only useful when the new word(s) comp- rises the same number of characters as the previous ones. SEPARATING TEXT INTO TWO PARAGRAPHS Position the cursor on the character which is to be the first of the new paragraph. Press INSERT and then ENTER. An end of paragraph sign appears and the text following is dropped to the next line and the INS mode reverts to the EDT mode, WordMill ML/4.1 5-4 EDITING A DOCUMENT UNITING TWO PARAGRAPHS Position the cursor on the end of paragraph sign separating the two paragraphs and press DELETE. The sign disappears and the text of the second paragraph is ‘moved up’ to continue from where the text of the first paragraph ended. If the two paragraphs were separated by a blank line as well, delete also the second end of paragraph sign. ADDING NEW TEXT There are different methods of adding new text depending on where the addition is to take place. Inserting Text between Two Lines: Position the cursor any- where on the line after which the new lines are to be typed. Press ENTER. The cursor jumps to the beginning of the new line, which is inserted for you, and the EDT mode changes to TYP. Type in the new text and then revert to the EDT mode by. one of the methods described above. If you only wish to insert a blank line and not new text, simply press ENTER a second time and then revert to the EDT mode, Adding Text _at the End of a Paragraph: Position the cursor on the end of paragraph sign and press SPACE (if a space is required), then type in the new text. Don’t forget to finish with a new end of paragraph sign (press ENTER). Adding Text at the End of a Typed Line: Position the cursor anywhere on the line at the end of which you wish to add some text. Press DO. The cursor automatically jumps to the first vacant location on the right hand side of the line and the EDT mode changes to TYP. Then type in the new text. If the text goes on to another line, a new line is auto- matically created for you and the text following is ‘pushed’ down, Note: - This method can also be used for adding text at the end of a paragraph. The results are the same as described above. WordMil] ML/4.1 5-5 EDITING A DOCUMENT - If there are no vacant locations remaining at the end of the line, the cursor simply jumps to the last character on the line, the EDT mode changes to TYP and you may type the text as before. Adding New Text at the End of the Document: Position the cursor anywhere on one of the empty lines at the end of the document. Now press DO, or simply start typing. The cursor jumps to the beginning of the first empty line and the EDT mode changes to TYP. DIRECTORY OPERATIONS DURING EDITING It is possible to carry out certain directory operations while editing a document. You cannot create a new or edit another existing document at this stage. However you may carry out any of the other directory operations, including "Print Document", on any of the documents (but you cannot Copy, Delete or Rename the document which you are now edit- ing). Press DIRECTORY [Alt+F10]. The prompt "DIRECTORY OF DRIVE:" appears in the dialogue line. Now type either 1 or 2. The directory you request is displayed on the screen, but not in the usual numerical and alphabetical order. Carry out the Directory Operations you require. (Refer back to "Directory Operations" in Chapter 2 if you need to re- fresh your memory) . When you wish to return to the document you were working on, press SCREEN DOWN [3] or CANCEL. Your document reappears on the screen with the cursor positioned in exactly the same place as when you left it. INCORPORATING A LIBRARY DOCUMENT WordMill allows you to ‘read’ text from a (source) document into the document you are editing. However, remember that the source document must be of the type L. The instructions described in the section above will enable you to change the type of the source document to L if neces- sary. As a brief reminder, the steps are as follows: WordMill ML/4.1 ; 5-6 oO EDITING A DOCUMENT 1. Press DIRECTORY [A1t+F10]. 2. Request the Directory of the drive you require (type 1 or 2). 3. Position the cursor on the type of the source document. 4. Type L. 5. Press DO (to confirm the change). 6. Press CANCEL (to return to your document). You may now carry out the ‘READ’ request. Press READ [Alt+F3]. The flashing message “READ:" appears in the dial- ogue line. Key in the name of the source document and press ENTER. WordMill will search for the document of that name first of all in Drive 1, and then in Drive 2 if necessary. All the text of the source document is inserted into the document you are editing after the line on which the cursor was positioned when you gave the READ instruction. However, if you enter the name of a source document which does not exist or is not of the type L, the flashing message "NOT FOUND" appears. Press CANCEL to cancel the request: The message disappears. Note: The text from the source document retains its own margins regardless of the margins of the document you are editing. If the source text is narrower than your text, you may rearrange it according to your current margins (you wil] learn how to do this later). If the source text is wider than your document, lines of the source document will be truncated, and some text might be lost. To prevent such losses, you could have nar- rowed the source text before reading it into your narrow document. WordMill ML/4.1 5-7 EDITING A DOCUMENT THE IMPORT OPTION The IMPORT option enables you to ‘import’ files created by other systems (e.g. telex) into a WordMill document. It jis performed in a very similar way to the READ operation in that the file is incorporated into your document immediately below the location of the cursor. The difference between the two is that in the READ function a WordMill file is read into the document which you are editing whereas in the IMPORT option a file from an external system is read into your (WordMil1) document. The external files which can be read into your WordMill documents may be created by various kinds of software, e.g. “electronic spreadsheet". Position the cursor on the line below which the external file is to be read into your document. Press IMPORT [Alt+F6]. The prompt "IMPORT - File Name:" appears in the dialogue line. Type in the name of the file (just the name: up to 8 characters) and press ENTER. The prompt "TYPE:" appears next. Key in the file type (up to-3 characters) and press ENTER. The file is read into your text in exactly the same way as if it were an L-type WordMill document. If you enter an incorrect name or type, the flashing message "NOT FOUND" will appear. Press CANCEL. The cursor returns to the position that it was in before you gave the IMPORT inst- ruction and you may repeat the procedure. Should you notice that you have entered an incorrect file name before you enter the file type, press CANCEL. The "TYPE" prompt and file name disappear and you can enter a new name, or press CANCEL again if you change your mind. WordMil] ML/4.1 5-8 *) EDITING A DOCUMENT HIGHLIGHTING Editing operations, such as copying and moving, are carried out on “blocks” of text. A block may consist of a column(s), line(s) or paragraph(s). Before you can perform any of the operations, you must first define the extent of the block. This is done by ‘highlighting’. The editing instructions for a column block and for a block of lines (paragraphs) differ somewhat and are therefore described separately. The three keys COLUMN [F2], LINE [F4] and PARAGRAPH [F6] are used for highlighting. : Highlighting a Column Position the cursor on the character located at the top left corner of the column which you wish to highlight. Press COLUMN [F2]. The prompt: "Copy Move Delete Shift Quad Re-Arrange Insert" appears in the dialogue line and the first character is highlighted (i.e. it appears in reverse video). Keep on pressing the same key until the column width you require has been highlighted. If you have highlighted too many characters, press Alt + <— [Alt+4] to decrease the highlighting one character at a time, even including the first highlighted character if you wish. Note: The maximum column width is the width of the document, even if this exceeds the 80 characters which can appear on the screen at any given time. The horizontal scrol] technique operates in such a case. In order to define the depth of the column block, press LINE [F4] or PARAGRAPH [F6]. The LINE key causes the column to be highlighted one line at a time whereas the PARAGRAPH key highlights the column up to and including the next line with an End of Paragraph sign. Keep on pressing LINE [F4] (or PARAGRAPH [F6]) until you have highlighted the depth you require. If you have highlighted too many lines, remove the high- lighting one line at a time by pressing Alt+t [Alt+8] as many times as necessary. However, you cannot remove the WordMill ML/4.1 5-9 EDITING A DOCUMENT highlighting from the first line in this way. Press CANCEL to remove all the highlighting, if you have made a mistake or changed your mind. Highlighting a Block of Lines In order to highlight a block of lines rather than a column, position the cursor anywhere on the top line of the block to be highlighted. Press LINE [F4] or PARAGRAPH [F6]. The prompt "Copy Move Delete Shift Quad Re-Arrange Insert" appears in the dialogue line and the line (or paragraph) is highlighted. Press either key continuously until you have defined the entire block you require. Again, use Altt+t [Alt+8] to remove any superfluous lines (but not including the first highlighted line), or press CANCEL if you change your mind altogether. It is possible to highlight all the text which is in the memory at any given time and not only the text which appears on the screen. In other words, vertical scroll operates in this case. If, when highlighting, you happen to reach the last line of text in the memory but this is not the last line of your document and you wish to highlight further, you must first cancel all the highlighting (press CANCEL). Then using the SCREEN DOWN [3] key, recall more lines of the document into the memory and highlight the block again. OPERATIONS ON HIGHLIGHTED BLOCKS Once you have highlighted a block of text, you must then indicate which editing operation you wish to perform - the prompt in the dialogue line lists the possible options for you. A detailed description of each follows. Copying a Block of Text A copied block of text can be read into different locations of the document you are editing and even into other docu- ments. Copying a Column: Highlight a column block as described above. Press COPY [Fl]. The message "COPY" replaces the WordMill ML/4.1 5-10 oO EDITING A DOCUMENT prompt in the dialogue line. Press DO. The message "WAIT" appears in the dialogue line as well, until a copy of the column has been written to the diskette. An L-type document by the name of “!!!!1!1!° and consisting of the column copied is automatically created on the disk- ette. (You can verify this by displaying the directory - press DIRECTORY [Alt+F10] - as described in "Directory Operations during Editing” above). The next time you make a copy of a column, the old L-type file’ “HEEELALES is automatically deleted and replaced by a Placing the Copy of the Column onto the Text: Position the cursor at the point where the column is to be read back. Make sure that there is enough space for it, since it will overwrite any existing text in that location. Press COPY [F1] and then press COLUMN [F2]. The message "COPY" appears in the dialogue line and then "COLUMN" next to it. Press DO. The column copy overwrites the previous text. Note: The point at which the cursor is positioned must be such that a sufficient number of lines of the document exist below the cursor, and a sufficient number of columns exist to the right of it, for the entire column to be accommodated. Otherwise, the operation will not take place. Copying a Block of Lines: The instructions for making a copy of a block of lines are similar to those for copying a column. Highlight a block of lines as described above. Press COPY [Fl]. The message "COPY" replaces the prompt in the dialogue line. Press D0. The message "WAIT" appears in the dialogue line as well until the lines have been copied to the diskette. An L-type document by the name of ‘-------- * and consisting of the lines copied is automatically created on the diskette (you can verify this by displaying the directory - press DIRECTORY [A1t+F10] - as described in "Directory Operations during Editing" above). WordMil] ML/4.1 5-11 EDITING A DOCUMENT The next time you copy a block of lines, the old document a ietatetatatatal “ is automatically deleted and replaced by the new Inserting the Copy of the Block of Lines into the Text: The block of lines will be read back into the text below the line on which the cursor is positioned. Notice that in this respect copying a block of lines is different from copying a column, Position the cursor anywhere on the line which is to be followed by the copied text. Press COPY [Fl] and then press LINE [F4]. The message "COPY" appears in the dialogue and then "LINES" next to it. Press DQ. The copied block is in- serted and the text following is ‘pushed’ downwards. Note: - Since WordMill has created and stored a copy of the block of text as an L-type document, you may read it back into any other document whenever you wish. - It is not possible to read back part of a block into one place in the text and the other part somewhere else. You have just learned that only one copied block entitled "-------- "can be stored at any given time. Therefore if you wish to keep more than one copied block, you must return to the directory (press DIRECTORY [Alt+F10]) and change the name from weeenne- "to something else, e.g. ‘“l-------", "Ornenena * etc. WordMill ML/4.1 5-12 oO EDITING A DOCUMENT Moving a Block of Text ‘Moving’ text means removing it from its present location and placing it in another location. Moving a Column: Highlight the column block which is to be moved as described above. Press MOVE [F3]. The message "COLUMN: MOVE" appears in the dialogue line. Position the cursor where you wish the column to be moved to and press DO. The column ‘moves’ to its new location. Note: - A column may only be moved (or shifted) horizon- tally. Therefore you can only use the Cursor Left {4] and Cursor Right [6] keys to reposition the cursor. - Make sure that the column does not contain any "nulls" (tiny dots) otherwise the MOVE operation will not be carried out. - This feature is particularly useful for rearranging columns in tables. To interchange two columns you should carry out two MOVE operations, unless the columns are adjacent to each other. Moving a Block of Lines: Highlight the block of lines which is to be moved. Press MOVE [F3]. The message "BLOCK: MOVE" appears in the dialogue line. Press DO. The block disappears from the screen and the flashing letter M appears in the dialogue line. The ‘moved’ block will be inserted below the line on which you position the cursor. Position the cursor anywhere on the line which is to be followed by the moved block. Press MOVE {F3]. The message "MOVE" appears in the dialogue line. Press DO. The moved block is inserted, and the text following is ‘pushed’ downwards. At the same time, the flashing M and the "MOVE" message disappear from the dialogue Tine. Note: - The moved text can be relocated at any time before you exit from the document you are editing. In fact, WordMill will not allow you to perform a SAVE operation or to EXIT from the document until you do relocate the text. WordMill ML/4.1 5-13 EDITING A DOCUMENT - The flashing letter M appears in the dialogue line as a reminder that the block has not yet been relo- cated. You may not implement another MOVE operation before completing the previous one. “Quad” Operations You have already learned how to quad text in the TYP mode (see "Quad Left, Quad Right and Centered Text" in Chapter 3). You will now learn how to "quad" text which has already been typed. Quad-ing can be carried out on a “COLUMN” as well as on a "BLOCK of LINES". Highlight the block of text which is to be "quad". Press QUAD [F7]. The message "QUAD [+- — t Just]" appears in the dialogue line. Press one of the three cursor controls: Cursor Left [4] (for quad left), Cursor Right [6] (for quad right) or Cursor Up [8] (for centered). The text is automatically aligned to the left, or to the right, or it is centered as you instructed. You are probably wondering what is the use of the quad left instruction for a block of lines since the text appears on the screen just as ordinary text does. The difference is that when you request justification in the pagination inst- ructions, quad left text (and in fact any "quad" text) is not justified. Highlighted ordinary text is distinct from highlighted quad text. When you highlight ordinary text, the whole line is highlighted uniformly. When you highlight quad lines, the highlighting of the "nulls" (tiny dots) between the text and the left and/or right margins is different from the high- lighting of normal text. If you wish to remove “quad" from a given block of lines, highlight the block and press QUAD JUST (twice [F7]). WordMill ML/4.1 5-14 EDITING A DOCUMENT Rearranging Text Altering the Right Margin: Suppose you wish to alter the right margin of a block of text, but not of the whole document. Highlight the block of lines and press ARRANGE {F5]. The message "Re-Arrange RIGHT MARGIN [+- —-]" appears in the dialogue line. Position the cursor where the new right margin is to be located using either the Cursor Left (4] or Cursor Right [6] keys. Press DO. The block of text is automatically rearranged. Altering the Width of a Whole Document: A similar method may be used for altering the width of the whole document, but without highlighting. Position the cursor on the first line of the document. Press ARRANGE [F5]. The message "Re-Arrange RIGHT MARGIN [+—- —+]" appears in the dialogue line. Move the cursor to the new position of the right margin and press DO. The text is rearranged according to the new right margin, screen by screen. If you wish, you may stop the operation at any time, by pressing CANCEL. When the operation is complete the cursor remains at the end of the document. Note: You need not necessarily alter the width of a whole document in this way, but from any point within the document. Merely position the cursor at that point and follow the same procedure. Altering Both the Left and Right Margins: You may also rearrange text according to new left and right margins. Position the cursor where you wish to locate the new left margin. Define the new margins by highlighting only the new width of the text using the COLUMN [F2] key. If the right margin is to remain the same, highlight from the new left margin position up to the current position of the right mar- gin. Now highlight the required depth of text to be rear- ranged using LINE [F4] or PARAGRAPH [F6]. Press ARRANGE [F5]. The message "Re-Arrange" appears in the dialogue line. Press DO (or CANCEL if you change your mind). The whole block of text is rearranged according to its new left and right margins. WordMill ML/4.1 5-15 EDITING A DOCUMENT Note: - Using this method, the block cannot be rearranged to a wider width than the maximum width of this docu- ment (its "Column Width") or to a width which is narrower than 8 columns. - Any quad-ing carried out on rearranged text will be according to the new margin(s) . Widening a Document | You have just learned that text cannot be rearranged to a wider width than that of the original document by the above method. In order to do this, you must carry out the follow- ing procedure: 1. Change the document type to L. 2. Create a new document with the wider width that you require. 3. Read [ALT+F3] the original document into the new document. 4. Rearrange the entire document to the new right margin. 5. Save the new document. 6. Delete the old (L-type) document if it is no longer required. Shifting a Block of Lines A block of text which is narrower than the width of the document can be ‘shifted’ either towards the left or towards the right edge of the screen. Highlight the block of lines. Press SHIFT [F9]. The message "BLOCK: SHIFT [+--—-]" appears in the dialogue line. Move the cursor to where you wish the new left margin to be located. Press DO. The whole block of text is automatically shifted. Note: - The SHIFT operation does not rearrange text as does the ARRANGE operation. Therefore, if there is insufficient space within the document width for the new position of the shifted block, the operation will not be carried out. - The SHIFT operation carried out on a column is ex- actly the same as the COLUMN MOVE operation, WordMill ML/4.1 5-16 * EDITING A DOCUMENT Deleting a Block of Text Highlight the block of text which is to be deleted: It may be either a column block or a block of lines. Press DELETE. The message “COLUMN: DELETE" or "BLOCK: DELETE" appears in the dialogue line. Press DO to confirm the request. The deleted text disappears from the screen. The text which follows is automatically moved leftwards (in the case of a deleted column) or upwards (in the case of a block of lines) to take its place. Note: - Deletion of a column narrows the margins of the block. Inserting a Column of Filler Characters You have already learned how to fill in space up to the next tab with tab filler characters (see "Tab Filler Character" in Chapter 4). Inserting a column of filler characters of your choice is carried out as follows: Position the cursor where you wish the column to be insert- ed. Highlight only a single column to the depth of lines you require. Press INSERT. The prompt "COLUMN: INSERT" appears in the dialogue line. Press DO. A highlighted column of filler characters appears, ‘pushing’ the block of text following (which is also highlighted) towards the right margin. ; If you do not want to use the standard filler character but a different one, then type in the character before pressing DO. If you wish to insert another column of the same filler character press DO again. Keep on pressing DO until you have as many columns of filler characters as you require. You can change the filler character in the middle of the operation by typing in (twice!) the new filler character. When you have finished, press CANCEL. Note: - Make sure that you do not insert too many columns of filler characters. Any text that is pushed ‘outside’ the document’s width will be lost. WordMill ML/4.1 5-17 EDITING A DOCUMENT - Insertion of a column widens the margins of the block. FINDING AND REPLACING A Character String A character string is the term used to describe a given character or set of characters which make up a part of a word, a word or even a sentence. A character string to be searched for may consist of up to 30 characters. WordMill will search through an entire document, from the position of the cursor, to find any character string that you desire. Once found, that character string may then be replaced with any other character string. You may even give the instruction for WordMill to carry out the “Find and Replace’ operation automatically throughout the document. ‘Finding a Character String Position the cursor anywhere in the document from where you wish to search for the character string. Press FIND [F8]. The prompt "FIND:" appears in the dialogue line, Type in the character string you require, followed by ENTER. Notice that while the search is being carried out, the line number in the dialogue line changes continuously until the: character string is found and highlighted. Press just DO to find the next occurrence of the same character string or press CANCEL to leave the search. If WordMill cannot find another occurrence of that string, the search is terminated and the cursor remains next to the last string which was found. If no such character string is found in the text, the cursor remains in the same position that it was before the search began. Note: - The End of Paragraph sign may be part of the charac- ter string. (Press PARAGRAPH [F6] and not ENTER, since ENTER terminates the string). However it must either be the last character in the string, or the character which follows it must be SPACE. WordMill ML/4.1 5-18 Oo * EDITING A DOCUMENT - WordMill remembers the string to be found for as long as no other string is entered. Next time you want to find the same string, simply press FIND and DO. Replacing a Character String The FIND operation is sometimes used merely to reach a cer- tain point in the document. Its more common use is to find a character string which is to be replaced by another. Follow the above instructions to find the character string which is to be replaced. Once the string is found and high- lighted, press REPLACE ([F8]; same as FIND). The prompt "REPLACE BY:" appears in the dialogue line. Type in the rep- lacing string (up to 40 characters Jong) followed by ENTER. The first string is automatically replaced by the second, which remains highlighted, and the text following is re- arranged accordingly. Both the ‘search’ and the ‘replacing’ strings are remembered by WordMill until you type in an alternative (as soon as you start typing an alternative, the rest of the previous string is deleted). Therefore, if you wish to use the same rep- lacing string later on, merely press DO. Note: - If an end of paragraph sign is to be part of the replacing character string, it may not be either the first or the only character. - A character string may be replaced by ‘nothing’ (in other words deleted). Merely press ENTER when the prompt "REPLACE BY:" appears in the dialogue line. - The string to be found may be typed in either UPPER or lower case characters or mixed, and not neces- sarily in the same way that it appears in the text. However, the replacing string must of course be typed exactly as you wish it to appear. Automatic Find and Replace Suppose, for example, a name had been misspelled throughout a document and you now wish to replace it with the correct spelling of the name. WordMill ML/4.1 5-19 EDITING A DOCUMENT Activate the FIND operation (press FIND [F8], type the mis- spelled name and press ENTER). After the first occurrence had been found, press REPLACE [F8] to activate the REPLACE operation. Type the replacing string (the correct name) and ENTER. The character string is replaced but remains high- lighted. Now press REPLACE [F8] again. The prompt "AUTOMATIC? [DO/CANCEL]" appears in the dialogue line. Press DO. Watch how WordMill searches through the text, replaces and highlights each character string, rearranges the text following, and then goes on to the next string. Once the operation is complete, the cursor remains next to the last character string which has been replaced. You may quit the Automatic Find and Replace operation at any time by pressing CANCEL. Replacing an Emphasized String You may only ask WordMill to search for a _ particular character string and not for ‘anything which has been underlined’. However, a character string replacing one which was uniformly emphasized in the original text, will also be similarly emphasized. For example, a string which appeared as follows: Uniform Boldface non-uniform underline will only be replaced by a string with a bold emphasis but without underlining. It is not necessary for the two strings to be of the same length. WordMill ML/4.1 5-20 Oo EDITING A DOCUMENT HYPHENATION You have already learned about the Automatic Wraparound feature which automatically moves a word which is too long to fit on a given line to the next one. But this will some- times cause too large a space to be left on some lines and you will wish to hyphenate. As you know, you cannot insert a hyphen anywhere in a word, but only in certain places. For this reason, WordMill] will highlight for you the length of the word for which there is enough room on the line for hyphenation, and you will have to indicate the exact hyphen point. In this respect the operation is semi-automatic and you may then choose if and where you wish to hyphenate. Note: It is not a good idea to carry out the hyphenation operation while typing; later editing will in any case cause much of the text to be rearranged. Position the cursor at the point in the document from which you wish the hyphenation to begin. Press HYPHEN [A1t+F5]. The message "HYPHENATION" together with a parameter appears in the dialogue line. The parameter can be any number from 3 to 8 inclusive. It signifies the number of spaces that must be left at the end of a given line for hyphenation to be carried out. Therefore, the larger the parameter, the fewer will be the hyphenation attempts. Change the parameter simply by typing in a new number. For example, the number 4 signifies that hyphenation will be attempted only if the previous line contains 4 (or more) empty locations. Press DO to confirm the request (or CANCEL if you Change your mind). WordMill will search for the first line which has at least the chosen number of empty locations. Watch the cursor move from line to line. When such a line is found, the first word on the next line is partially highlighted, showing those characters of the WordMill ML/4.1 5-21 EDITING A DOCUMENT word which can be placed on the previous line together with a hyphen. You now have one of four options: 1. Press DO to hyphenate the word in that position and continue the hyphenation operation; 2. Press Cursor Left [4] to change the position of the hyphen by decreasing the number of highlighted characters; then press D0; 3. Press Cursor Down [2] if the word is not to be hyphenated but you wish to continue with the hyphenation operation; 4. Press CANCEL to cancel the operation altogether. Notice that the words which have been hyphenated by this method have a special hyphenation symbol rather than the ordinary hyphen. This is to differentiate between these and words which have a permanent hyphen (e.g. son-in-law). A permanent hyphen is considered to be an ordinary character and it is therefore possible to hyphenate on the permanent hyphen itself. Later editing will probably cause rearrangement of the text so that there will be sufficient room for entire hyphenated words to appear on one line. In such cases, WordMill will automatically remove the hyphenation symbol and recombine the word as it was originally; a permanent hyphen will not be removed and the word will revert to its original form. If you wish to recombine a hyphenated word, simply position the cursor on the hyphenation symbol and press DELETE. The symbol disappears, the word jis recombined and the text following is rearranged accordingly. WordMill ML/4.1 5-22 Chapter 6: PHRASE DICTIONARIES CONTENTS WHAT IS A PHRASE DICTIONARY? . . « «© 6 «© «© « « 63 CREATING A PHRASE DICTIONARY . . « «2 «© «© « « « 673 LOADING A PHRASE DICTIONARY. . . «© «© «© «© «© « « 6-4 USING THE PHRASE DICTIONARY. . oe + we @ » 65 WordMill ML/4.1 6-1 Notes WordMill ML/4.1 6-2 PHRASE DICTIONARIES WHAT IS A PHRASE DICTIONARY? When typing a new document you will often come across words or phrases which occur very often. WordMill allows you to put together a dictionary of such phrases and to identify each phrase by a two character abbreviation. In fact you may have several different dictionaries for different topics on the same diskette. You can later incorporate these phrases into the document merely by typing the particular identification (the two character abbreviation) instead of the whole phrase each time. This is especially useful for difficult-to-spell tech- nical or scientific terms. CREATING A PHRASE DICTIONARY The first steps of creating a dictionary are the same as creating an ordinary document. Create a document of any width - it need not be the same width as that of the docu- ment into which you will incorporate the phrases. Type (backslash). Then type two characters of your choice which will identify the phrase for you. The characters may be any combination of upper or lower case letters, numbers or any other symbol on the keyboard (except °’). Now type the phrase you require. It is a good idea to separate the different phrases by typing each on a new line. This will certainly make later editing of the dictionary easier for you, especially since the End of Paragraph sign is not considered to be part of the phrase; it will not appear when you incorporate the phrase into the document. However, putting each phrase on a separate line is not essential: The abbreviation identifier (°’) is all that is strictly necessary to separate one phrase from another. Dictionary phrases are incorporated into your document as continuous text. A phrase can be as long as you wish; if the length of the phrase exceeds one line, you should pay at- tention to what happens at the end of the line: When cre- ating the dictionary, you must artificially itroduce a space WordMill ML/4.1 6-3 PHRASE DICTIONARIES at the end of each line to prevent two words from being com- bined. You may do this either by: (i) typing a space plus an End of Paragraph sign at the end of the first line; or by (ii) inserting a space at the beginning of the second line. Dictionary phrases should not be emphasized (bold and/or underlined). No harm is done if you do emphasize, but when the phrase is eventually extracted, it is extracted without the emphasis. As soon as you have completed the preparation of your dictionary, change its document type to L. LOADING A PHRASE DICTIONARY A phrase dictionary may only be a document of the L-type. Display the directory to check that this is so, and if not change it before you could begin to use the dictionary (see "Directory Operations during Editing" in Chapter 5). 1500 ‘bytes’ of internal memory are allotted to the dic- tionary. If no dictionary is loaded, this amount is returned to the general memory pool; if the dictionary is loaded, but takes up less than 1500 characters, the remainder is return- ed to the pool; if the dictionary takes up more than 1500 characters, only the first 1500 can be stored in memory. Therefore, if you wish to use a phrase dictionary while editing a document you must first load it into the memory before you begin editing. If you need to load a dictionary after you have begun editing, you must first return to the Menu either by EXIT [F10] or QUIT [A1t+F9], re-enter the document and then immediately load the dictionary. Note: You may define a phrase identifier different than ‘’ and/or a different size for the dictionary (up to 9999 bytes instead of 1500) through the mechanisms of the WMPARAMS file (see Chapter 11 “The WMPARAMS File). WordMill ML/4.1 6-4 PHRASE DICTIONARIES Enter the document - either an already existing document or a newly-created one - for which you wish to use the Phrase Dictionary. Before doing anything else, press AlttEsc (If you only press Esc by mistake, you may still press Alt+Esc). The prompt "DICTIONARY:" appears in the dialogue line. Type in the name of the dictionary and ENTER. The dictionary is now loaded. If you enter an incorrect name, or if the dictionary is not of the type L, the flashing message “NOT FOUND" appears in the dialogue line. Press Alt+Esc again and enter a correct name, or press CANCEL to cancel the request altogether. Note: Some WordMil] editions use Alt+F8 instead of AlttEsc. USING THE PHRASE DICTIONARY Extraction of phrases from the dictionary into the document can be made in the TYP and INS modes. Position the cursor where the phrase is to appear. Press Esc and then type the identifying two-character abbreviation. The phrase is auto- matically introduced into the text and you may now resume typing or editing. A phrase which is extracted while you are typing an empha- sized text, will be emphasized as the rest of the text. WordMill ML/4.1 6-5 Notes WordMil] ML/4.1 6-6 Chapter 7: PAGINATION AND PRINTING CONTENTS THE PAGINATION PROGRAM . . « «© © THE MPG SUBSYSTEM. . 2 «© «© «© «© PAGINATION INSTRUCTIONS . . —— Documents to Print. . . 2. »« « Columns per Page. . . . os Headers, Footers and Page Number's af The Size of the Page . ....- Vertical Pitch . . 1. © 2 «© « « Line Spacing. . «© «© «© «© © « « Lines per Column. . . 2. «© © « Page Size. . «© «© © © «© © «© « Left Margin . . . «© «© «© «© «© « Justified Print. . . .« « «© « Character Set and Size. . .. . Horizontal Pitch. . . . . « + Leader Spacing . . ote Start at Page Number/ Stop "after "page Number Qutput to Drive. . . . “8 , THE PAGINATION PROCESS . . . « «© « PRINTING. . . - © 2 = oe we 8 THE PRINTING PROGRAM . . oo SIMULTANEOUS PRINTING AND EDITING. eo STOP PRINTING AND CANCEL PRINTING. . . DIRECT PRINTING. . «© «© © © «© «© + PAGINATED S-TYPE DOCUMENTS. . « | WordMill ML/4.1 ~ . ~~ ae 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 WWDDWAAAAAO HS SW Ww oe e ew @ ee e 8 PRP RP RP HERP PPE eee . . . . . oe . SN NNN NNN NYY NY N NNN NNN WWOnNA A PHPWNYNEHY CO Notes WordMill ML/4.1 PAGINATION AND PRINTING THE PAGINATION PROGRAM The pagination process is an essential step between editing a document and printing it. Pagination, as its name implies, divides the document into pages, according to the infor- mation and instructions which you give. These may include: * ‘headers’ (titles which appear at the top of the page) and/or ‘footers’ (titles appearing at the bottom of the page) page number ing line spacing type styles and their sizes (‘fonts’) justification and ‘quad’- ing special treatment for lines in tables lines with leaders + t+ ee FH The output of the Pagination process may either be printed straight away or stored on disk for later printing or fur- ther processing. THE MPG SUBSYSTEM You have already learned about the two overlay files WMEDT.OVR and WMMPG.OVR (see "The WordMill Diskette" in Chapter 1). Up till now you have only been using the WMEDT.OVR (edit) overlay. In order to activate the PAGINATE option, the WMMPG.OVR (merge and pagination) overlay must be loaded. Position the cursor on the PAGINATE option of the Menu, and press ENTER. The flashing message “WAIT" appears in the dialogue line while the overlay is being loaded. Notice that the letters EDT in the dialogue line change to MPG when the loading is complete. Press CANCEL to return to the Menu for the moment. Both the EDT and the MPG overlays have access the Menu, Directory and Printing programs. You may therefore perform any of the ope- rations connected with these programs when the MPG overlay is loaded. However, if you request to edit a document, the EDT overlay must be loaded again before editing can be started. This WordMill ML/4.1 7-3 PAGINATION AND PRINTING will take a few moments during which the message "WAIT" ap- pears in the dialogue line. Try this if you wish and then return to the Menu and activate the PAGINATE option again. PAGINATION INSTRUCTIONS The prompt "QUTPUT CLASS (W/S/P):" appears. The letters sig- nify what kind of output the pagination program is going to generate: “W’ output is a disk file which can later be printed by WordMill’s Print program in the “background’. “p’ output is immediately Printed. *S’ output is a System file on disk; it can later be printed by one of the Operating System's utility programs, or by WordMill’s COPY function (see Chapter 2, "Copying a Document"). Type Wand then press ENTER. The menu disappears and is rep- laced by the prompt: "DOCUMENTS TO PRINT:". Documents to Print The rules for “DOCUMENTS TO PRINT" are as follows: 1. Up to 5 documents may be paginated together. WordMil] combines the documents and uses the same parameter values concerning page numbers, justification, etc. for all of them. Press ENTER after typing the name of each document. The W-type document created bears the name of the first document. 2. The document(s) must be of type D. 3. Do not paginate unconnected documents together. 4. If two or more documents are to be paginated together they all must have the same column width. 5. The document(s) must reside in the Drive 2 diskette. (This is in contrast to the Editor program which allows you to edit any document contained on either the Drive 1 diskette or the Drive 2 diskette). WordMill ML/4.1 7-4 PAGINATION AND PRINTING However you may instruct the output W-type document to be written onto either diskette. Type in the name of the required document(s) and press ENTER. If you do not comply with these rules, either the message "DOCUMENT NOT FOUND" or “UNEQUAL COLUMN WIDTHS" will appear. In that case press ENTER: The message and the incor- rect document name disappear and the cursor returns to the beginning of the same line. You may now type in a correct document name. If you wish to make any other kind of alter- ation and return to the previous line, press CANCEL. Press ENTER again once you have entered the required docu- ment name(s). A number of parameters will now appear on the screen, one at a time. Each parameter has a default value which is shown in square brackets. These default values are contained in the WMPARAMS file (see Chapter 11 "The WMPARAMS File"), and can be changed there. If you wish to use the default value, simply press ENTER whenever appropriate. Otherwise, type in a different value and then press ENTER. Each time you press ENTER, the next parameter will appear. If you make a mistake or change your mind, press CANCEL. The last parameter disappears and you may type in a new value for the previous parameter. Columns per Page The first parameter to appear is "COLUMNS PER PAGE". This refers to the number of columns that are to be printed a- cross the page. Acceptable values for this parameter are 1 through 9. A second parameter "INTER COLUMN SPACE" will appear if you enter any other number apart from 1 (the default value), i.e. your document is to be printed in two or more columns; otherwise this parameter is omitted. Type in the number of spaces to be inserted between each column and press ENTER. WordMill ML/4.1 7-5 PAGINATION AND PRINTING Make sure that the sum total of the column widths plus the spaces between them does not exceed the maximum number of characters that can be printed across your printer. If it does, the message "MAX WIDTH EXCEEDED" appears. Press ENTER to type in a new "INTER COLUMN SPACE", or press ENTER and then CANCEL to return to the first parameter. Headers, Footers and Page Numbers The next four parameters refer to running page titles and to page numbers. They appear as follows: HEAD-1 H/F/N-1/J/0 [N] HEAD-2 H/F/N-1/J/0 [N] HEAD-3 H/F/N-I/J/0 [N] PAGE NUMBERS H/F/N-1/2/3 [N] ‘Headers’ and ‘footers’ (i.e., page titles) must first be defined in the document while editing before their usage can be specified here. You will learn about headers, footers and page numbers in Chapter 8. In the meantime, press ENTER (for the default value “None’) as each parameter appears. The Size of the Page The values that you enter for the following four parameters all help to define the size of the page. (The space taken up by any headers, footers and page numbers will of course be taken into consideration as well). Vertical Pitch The prompt "VERTICAL PITCH (6/8)" appears next. The term “vertical pitch’ refers to the number of lines which are printed per vertical inch. The two possible values are 6 (default) or 8. Type in either and press ENTER. Line Spacing The prompt "LINE SPACING" appears. To simplify the expla- nation, imagine an inch of paper divided vertically into 12 equal lines (for a vertical pitch of 6) or 16 equal lines (for a vertical pitch of 8). Each line may be either printed or blank. WordMill ML/4.1 7-6 PAGINATION AND PRINTING The possible values that may be given for this parameter are: * 1 (‘half spacing’) - every line is printed; * 2 (‘single spacing’) - every second line is printed, the other lines are blank; * 3 (‘one and a half spacing’) - every third line is printed, the other lines are blank; * 4 (‘double spacing’) - every fourth line is printed, the other lines are blank. Type in one of the values and press ENTER. The following 2 tables summarize the relationships between the vertical pitch, the line spacing and the number of printed lines per inch. cee a he eee | Most makes of Printers | Line Spacing | [Vertical Pitch 1 2 3 4 6 12 6 4 3 | 8 | 16 | 8 5.33, 4 | 12 (or 16) Lines/ inch = —————— | spacing (a WordMill ML/4.1 7-7 PAGINATION AND PRINTING Wee gute ale pa ots ae enh | IBM PC Graphics Printer | | Line Spacing | AS [aan aaa aaeee ene |Vertical Pitch | 1 |2 [3 |4 | /-———+-+—}-—+-— | 6 12 6 4 3 | 8 12 |8 44.80 | 4 (ft | | Special Table for | | IBM PC Graphics Printer | ee Lines Per Column The prompt "LINES PER COLUMN" appears. This parameter refers to the number of lines to be printed on a page, or if there are two or more columns, to the number of lines to be print- ed in each column. The values given for the previous two parameters determine the number of printed lines per inch. WordMill divides the number of lines per column (which you are now giving) by the number of printed lines per inch to give the size in inches of the printed area of the page. Type in the number of lines per column and press ENTER. Page Size You have already given WordMill enough information to calcu- late the size of the printed area of the page, but the act- ual size of the paper itself must also be given. This is necessary for two reasons: 1. WordMill will check to see that the printed area of the page does not exceed the physical size of the paper that you are using. 2. When a page has been printed, WordMill instructs the printer to move the paper up so that printing of the WordMill ML/4.1 7-8 PAGINATION AND PRINTING next page can begin. Obviously, this cannot be done accurately unless the size of the paper is known. The prompt for the page size appears thus: "PAGE SIZE (CODE OR INCHES x 2)". As you can see, you may enter the page size either as a code or as its size in half-inches. The codes are as follows: QT - ‘quarto’ paper size (depth = 11" = 22 half- inches) FO - ‘folio’ paper size (depth = 13" = 26 half- inches) A4 - °A4’ paper size (depth = 12" = 24 half- inches) SF - sheet feeder is attached. : The size of certain types of paper (for example, address labels) might not be a whole number of inches. It is there- fore necessary to give the page size in half-inches rather than in whole inches. Thus the value for a 2.5 inch “page size’ is [2.5 x 2] = 5, and the size for a continuous paper might be [11 x 2] = 22 half inches. Type in the page size value you require, and press ENTER. If you enter a page size which is too smal] for the area to be printed on that page, the message "TOO MANY LINES" will appear. Press ENTER to type in a new page size, or press CANCEL as many times as is necessary in order to change one of the previous three parameters. Note: A page size of zero is also acceptable. This is a special feature: Pages are created, but with no spaces between them. Thus, if you use neither titles nor page numbers, and you set the page size to 0, your document gets printed as a single large page. Left Margin The prompt for "LEFT MARGIN" appears next. This allows you to choose the position of the left margin on the paper. Suppose the width of your paper allows you to print up to 80 characters on a line, and yet the width of your document is only 65 characters. In that case you may type any value bet- ween 0 and 15 (inclusive) and press ENTER. WordMill ML/4.1 7-9 PAGINATION AND PRINTING Note: There are two more methods of altering the left margin which you will learn about later. Justified Print Next is the prompt "RIGHT JUSTIFICATION (Y/N)" which allows you to specify whether you wish the document to be printed right justified or not. You have already come across the term “right justification’ several times in this manual. Justification means aligning all the text to both the left and right margins. However, most lines of text do not end exactly at the right margin, and therefore the spaces between the words on the line must be expanded to make them do so. (Remember: only regular and soft spaces may be expanded; the width of one hard space always remains the same as that of a single character). If you answer No to this parameter, the document will be printed in the same way as you typed it. If you answer Yes, all the text will be justified except the lines ending with an End of Paragraph, and these lines which are ‘quad’ left, right or centered. Character Set and Size Any document may be printed using up to three different type styles or sizes (‘fonts’). The next three prompts refer to these fonts; they appear as follows: "CHAR SET AND SIZE #1" "CHAR SET AND SIZE #2" "CHAR SET AND SIZE #3" The default values depend on the printer in use. If it is a Daisy Wheel printer, then the value is the name (shortened to 4 letters) of a wheel plus a number (10 or 12; see later). If the printer is of the Dot Matrix type, then the font name is a (shortened) name of a character set, again followed by a number. For Daisy Wheel printers, a ‘font’ isa single daisy wheel which can be changed whenever necessary. The number refers WordMill ML/4.1 7-10 PAGINATION AND PRINTING to the horizontal pitch (number of characters per inch) of the font: The possible pitch values are 10, 12 or 15. Typical daisy wheel ‘fonts’ are ELIT12, PICA1O. For Dot Matrix printers, there is usually one character set (sometimes more) of various sizes. The name given to this character set is IBMS, and it represents the equivalent of the IBM PC character set. The possible “font” sizes (pitch) for the IBM PC Graphics Printer are the following: 5,8,10,16. Hence, if you use an IBM PC Graphics Printer, you can reply to any of the "CHAR SET AND SIZE" prompts: IBMS5, IBMS8, IBMS10, IBMS16. Other popular dot matrix printers also support 6 and 12 pitches, and with these printers you could use the fonts IBMS6 and IBMS12 as well. As in the case of headers and footers, font change positions must first be indicated in the document while editing; you will learn about this later, In the meantime, therefore, press ENTER as each of the three prompts appears. Horizontal Pitch Next appears the prompt "HORIZONTAL PITCH", for which the default value is the pitch of the ‘font’ #1 (see above). Suppose your document has a width of 60 characters and is printed in pitch 10. The width of the printed text will thus be [60:10] = 6 inches. But if some section of the same docu- ment is printed in pitch 12, the width of the printed text, in that section, should only be: [60:12] = 5 inches, which is very confusing. The “horizontal pitch’ parameter ensures that the absolute distance between the extreme left and right margins (i.e. the width) remains constant throughout the document - re- gardiess of any pitch changes. In other words, WordMill computes this “absolute width’ using the horizontal pitch value given here. The width of those ‘white space’ elements which by defi- nition cannot be expanded by justification - such as hard spaces or indentations - is determined by the horizontal WordMill ML/4.1 7-11 PAGINATION AND PRINTING pitch, and thus also remains constant throughout the docu- ment. Type in the horizontal pitch value you require and press ENTER. Remember that it must match the ‘pitch’ of at least one of the fonts already chosen, or it would not be accept- ed. Leader Spacing The prompt “LEADER SPACING" appears next. “Leaders”, like headers, footers, and font change positions, must first be introduced into the document while editing; you will learn about them in Chapter 9. In the meantime simply press ENTER to reach the next parameter. Start at Page Number/Stop after Page Number The two prompts "START AT PAGE NUMBER [FIRST]" and "STOP AFTER PAGE NUMBER [LAST]" which appear next allow you to specify how many pages are to be generated. In order to pa- ginate the whole document, press ENTER twice: The first Page Number (usually “1°) appears as the (default) value for the first parameter, and °9999° as the (default) value for the second. You need not necessarily paginate the whole document. Sup- pose you wish to paginate only part of the document, say from page 24 to page 37 when the whole document contains 54 pages. Simply type 24 as the value for the first parameter and press ENTER. Then type 37 as the value for the second parameter and press ENTER. You will find this useful if, for example, you have already paginated and printed the whole document. Then you find that an error somewhere on, say, page 15 has to be corrected. If you are sure that correcting this error will only affect that page, enter 15 as the value. both for the first and second parameters. Note: WordMill in fact will paginate the document from its beginning, but it will only output the pages which you requested. WordMill ML/4.1 7-12 PAGINATION AND PRINTING Output to Drive The last prompt to appear is: “OUTPUT TO DRIVE". The ‘out- put’ is the S-type or W-type document which WordMill creates after carrying out the pagination process. You may choose whether you wish it to be written onto the diskette in Drive 1 or the diskette in Drive 2. As you can see, the default drive is 2 since it is likely that you will wish the output document to be stored on the same diskette as the input D-type document. If this is the case, simply press ENTER. »- You may, however, decide to write-all W- or S-type documents onto a separate diskette, or there may not be enough space available on the Drive 2 diskette: type 1 and press ENTER. The message "PRESS ANOTHER KEY TO CONTINUE” appears in the dialogue line. If you try to press ENTER again, nothing hap- pens: There are no more parameters for which values have to be given. Nevertheless you still have the opportunity to check all the values which you have entered and alter them if you wish. Press CANCEL as many times as necessary to re- turn to a particular parameter. By pressing CANCEL continuously until all the pagination instructions disappear, you can in fact cancel] the process altogether and return to the Menu. WordMill ML/4.1 , 7-13 PAGINATION AND PRINTING THE PAGINATION PROCESS In order to confirm the pagination request, press any other key on the keyboard (apart from ENTER). If you requested the output document to be written to the Drive 1 diskette, the message "PROGRAM DISKETTE MAY BE REPLACED" appears. This allows you to insert another diskette instead of the Word- Mill diskette. The flashing message "PAGINATING" appears in the dialogue line. WordMill first of all rewrites the (possibly new) pa- rameter values as part of the D-type document. Later re- pagination of the same document will cause these same values (rather than the default values) to be entered for you again if you merely press ENTER without typing in new values. A right-pointing arrow appears next to the first document name. The arrow is then replaced by the page numbers of the document, one by one, as the pagination of each page is completed. If two or more documents are being paginated to- gether, the number which remains next to the first document is the number of the last page of that document. The arrow then moves down to the next document name and the process continues. You may halt the pagination process at any time simply by continuously pressing CANCEL. The output document will con- tain the number of pages which have already been paginated up to that point. When the process is complete, the total number of paginated pages momentarily appears in the right hand corner of the dialogue line and then the Menu is re-displayed on the screen, PRINTING You have already learned how to print text displayed on the screen using the Print Screen option. The instructions for printing a document are different in several ways. Before giving the print instruction, make sure that the printer is connected and switched on. Display the directory of the drive on which the W-type document to be printed is WordMil] ML/4.1 7-14 PAGINATION AND PRINTING stored. Remember that the document must be of the W-type, i.e. it has already undergone the pagination process. Position the cursor on the name of W-type document. Press SELECT and then DO as you would if you were about to edit the document. The following four prompts appear in the dial- ogue line one at a time: Note: Default values for the printing prompts can be set in the “WMPARAMS’ file (see Chapter 11). 1. “STOP AFTER EACH PAGE (Y/N)". The answer to this prompt depends on the kind of printer you have. If each sheet of paper has to be inserted separately, type Y and then press ENTER. Otherwise, if an automatic sheet feeder is attached to your printer for.example, type N and then press ENTER. 2. "HIGH PRINT QUALITY (Y/N)". With Dot Matrix printers you may choose between low print quality at high speed or vice versa. It is a good idea to use low print quality for drafts and high print quality only for final copies. Type either Y or N according to your requirements and then press ENTER. 3. "No. OF PAGES TO SKIP". The default value is 0, but you may skip up to 99 pages. This option allows you to reprint only those pages which for one reason or another did not come out well. Once the page(s) have been printed, give the Stop Printing instruction (see "Stop Printing and Cancel Printing" below). Type the _number of pages to be skipped and press ENTER. 4. "No. OF COPIES". You may request up to 99 copies of any document. Type the number of copies you require and press ENTER. The message "PAPER WIDTH IS nnn, SET THE MARGIN" appears next. The width shown takes into account the number of co- lumns to be printed and the spaces between them (if any). This gives you the opportunity to check whether the paper is wide enough for the document to be printed. At this time you WordMill ML/4.1 7-15 PAGINATION AND PRINTING can make final adjustments to the left margin by using Lhe Cursor Left [4] and Cursor Right [6] keys to move the pr int- er head, and you may move the paper up or down by using the Cursor Down [2] or the Cursor Up [8] keys. On certain printers, the printer head will not move as you press the Cursor Left or the Cursor Right keys, but the mar- gin will still be set at the position you stipulate. Simi- larly, you may not move the paper down on all types of printers. Note: This manual method of setting the margin does not come instead of the "LEFT MARGIN" parameter of the pagi- nation instructions but is in addition to it. Thus if, for example, you entered the value 5 and you now move the margin another 3 spaces to the right, the left margin will be located on 8. You may at any point while answering these prompts cancel the print instruction by pressing CANCEL. Press ENTER or DO to cause the printing to begin. THE PRINTING PROGRAM The printing program displays two characters (printing mes- sages) on the right hand side of the dialogue line. While the printing is in progress, the two characters (in this case digits) signify the number of copies which still remain to be printed. In other words the last copy will be numbered 01, the second to last 02, etc. You may stop the printing by pressing [A1t+CANCEL]. The two digits are replaced by ‘!!° which signifies that printing was interrupted by you, the operator. However, actual print- ing might continue until all the text contained in the ‘printer buffer’ (a memory internal to the printer) has been printed. In order to continue printing, press PRINT [Shift+PrtSc]. The message ‘!!° in the dialogue line is replaced by the number of the copies still to be printed, and printing re- commences. WordMill ML/4.1 7-16 PAGINATION AND PRINTING There are a number of reasons why the printing may be halted without you giving the instruction. In each case a printing oO message will identify the reason for you. a ee er Oe | Background Printing Messages | | Message| Reason | | Fn | Insert Print Wheel for font #n | PO Paper Out | RO | Ribbon Out | SF Sheet Feeder | PD Printer Disconnected | HR Hardware Failure | CF | Communications Failure | | PG | Insert Next Page | | Pt | Check Page Return | After correcting the fault or making the necessary adjust- ments, you should check that the printer is in the "ready" state, and then press PRINT [Shift+PrtSc]. Note: - Some of these messages might not be sent by certain printers. - Similar faults may cause different messages to be sent by certain printers. - The last message (Pt) refers to when the paper is scrolled back after partial printing (for example, when one column has been printed). Check to see that the paper has been scrolled backwards correctly. SIMULTANEOUS PRINTING AND EDITING It is possible to edit any document and to perform all of the Directory Operations while printing a W-type document. oO Even the very document which is being printed may be edited. Simply display the directory that you require and follow the regular procedures. WordMill ML/4.1 7-17 PAGINATION AND PRINTING STOP PRINTING AND CANCEL PRINTING You have just learned that you may stop the printing at any time by pressing [AIt+CANCEL] and that the message "!!" ap- pears in the dialogue line. At this point it is possible to cancel the printing process altogether. You can do this simply by pressing [AIt+CANCEL] again. DIRECT PRINTING In the description of "OUTPUT CLASS (W/S/P):" above it was mentioned that “P’ meant ‘immediate’ or ‘direct’ printing: Your document is printed while being paginated. The obvious advantage is that time is not lost while the output is being written onto the diskette. However, no W- type file is created and therefore cannot be used again later. The option to perform directory operations simul- taneously is also not available here. Type P in answer to the prompt and then give the pagination instructions as you would if your output were directed to the diskette. Before the actual pagination begins, these printing prompts appear in the dialogue line one by one: "STOP AFTER EACH PAGE (Y/N)" "HIGH PRINT QUALITY (Y/N)" "No. Of COPIES" "PAPER WIDTH IS nnn, SET THE MARGIN" Answer the prompts in the usual way. Notice that the "No. OF PAGES TO SKIP" prompt is not included. If you do wish to skip a few pages, you should make use of the pagination pa- rameter "START AT PAGE NUMBER" described above. The flashing "PAGINATING" message appears in the dialogue line and the printing commences. The STOP PRINTING and/or CANCEL PRINTING instructions may be given as before by pressing [A1t+CANCEL]. Remember, however, that if you give the cancel printing instruction, you are also cancelling the pagination process. In this case, the flashing message “OPERATOR STOP" appears in the dialogue line. Press CANCEL to return to the Menu. WordMill ML/4.1 7-18 Notes WordMill ML/4.1 PAGINATION AND PRINTING PAGINATED S-TYPE DOCUMENTS You will remember that S-type documents can be created by the COPY function of the Directory (make a copy of a D-type document while the destination type is S). By that method you get a non-paginated S-type document: Text is not sepa- rated into pages, and lines are not justified. If you want to create paginated S-type documents you will have to use the ‘S’ option of the "OUTPUT CLASS (W/S/P):" prompt instead of the “W° option. The remainder of the pagi- nation process is similar to what you are already familiar with: You are prompted for all of the usual pagination para- meters, and then, just before the output (S-type) file starts being written out, you are asked whether or not you want High Print Quality. If you say Y(es) then the S-type file, when printed later, will produce high quality print- out. S-type documents can be printed from within WordMill by the COPY function: Copy the S-type file to any "file" of type “P’; this should print it on your printer. S-type documents may also be printed outside of WordMill. You can use the DOS command COPY .WMS LPT1: or any similar command. WordMill ML/4.1 7-19 Chapter 8: PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS CONTENTS PAGE HEADERS AND FOOTERS. . . Preparing Headers and Footers Locating Headers and Footers inside the Frames. PAGE NUMBERS. HOW WordMill DIVIDES THE “TEXT INTO PAGES PAGINATION CONTROL CHARACTERS . Line Spacing . a ee New Page/New Column. oe. %e “Begin Keep’ and ‘End Keep’ . ‘No Print’ and “Yes Print’ . PRINT SCREEN AND PAGINATION CONTROL CHARACTERS CHANGE FONT INSTRUCTIONS. . PRINTING ON A DAISY WHEEL PRINTER. WordMill ML/4.1 . oe e@ 92} Go! 0: Ga) 09, ‘G0 103 (C2 109 169 100 "G9 1D 1 1 1 1 ' ae es RE eS RB RS EP ODDO W OFPWWwWNhHNMD CO 8-1 Notes WordMill ML/4.1 PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS PAGE HEADERS AND FOOTERS The printed pages of WordMill documents can contain “run- ning" title lines. Up to three headers and/or footers can be printed on each page. The actual texts of the headers and footers can only be specified while editing the document. Let us first learn the general rules for placing running titles on the printed page. You have the option of choosing whether the pages of your document are to contain both headers and footers, only head- ers or only footers, or none at all. The diagram below shows the structure of a page which con- tains both headers and footers. A frame of three lines is allocated at the top of the page for headers, with an optional number of blank lines sepa- rating the headers from the text. Similarly, a frame of three lines is allocated at the bottom of the page for footers, with an optional number of blank lines separating the footers from the text. header frame (blank lines) lines of text (blank lines) footer frame WordMill ML/4.1 8-3 PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS The rules for the frames are as follows: 1. If any headers are requested then the three- line frame is allocated at the top of the page, whether all three of the lines are used or not. . The number of blank lines between the headers and the text can be from 0 to 9 (inclusive). . The same is true for footers: If any footers are requested, the three-line frame is allocated at the bottom of the page, whether all three of the lines are used or not. . The number of blank lines between the footers and the text can be from 0 to 9 (inclusive). If you request both headers and footers, the number of blank lines between the headers and the text and the footers and the text will be equal. . If only headers but no footers are requested, a three-line frame plus the required number of blank lines will be allocated at the top of the page, but none at the bottom of the page. . Similarly, if only footers and no headers are requested, the three-line frame plus the required number of blank lines will be allocated at the bottom of the page, but none at the top of the page. . There are six possible locations for a maximum of three titles (headers and/or footers). Titles may contain emphasizes (i.e. bold or underline). Each title may be printed in one of six different ways according to the instructions you give: Justified, centered or "quad": Left, right, inside or outside. Rules for locating the titles inside the frames will be taught later, after learning how the texts of the titles are to be prepared. WordMill ML/4.1 8-4 PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS Preparing Headers and Footers Return to editing the document in which titles are to be included. Press ENTER to make a blank line in the document where you wish the titles to begin. First type in the number (1, 2 or 3) signifying on which line of either three-line frame the title is to be printed. You will later give the instruction as to whether the title is to appear in the header frame or in the footer frame, when you activate the PAGINATE option. Now type in the text of the title. Do not press ENTER at the end of the line as you would if you were typing an ordinary heading line. Press QUAD [F7] and }. The title line is auto- matically "underlined" (on the screen only), an “End of Paragraph’ appears at the end of the line and the cursor jumps to the beginning of the next line. The underline will of course not be printed; it is only used here to distinguish title lines from ordinary lines. Note: A header will be printed on the page following that on which it appears in the text, unless the header is the first line of that page. On the other hand, a footer will be printed starting from the same page on which it appears in the text. A title on a given frame line will be printed on every page following the appearance of the title in the text until the end of the document unless you replace it with another. You may do this by typing the new title later in the text and assigning it the same frame line number as the title which is to be replaced. This method is useful, say, for different chapter headings of a book. Suppose you wish the title to be “quad” (quad left, center, or right). First define the title as described above: Type the frame line number, the title text and press QUAD |}. Then move the cursor back to the title line and give the quad instruction as you would if it were an ordinary text line. (Reminder: press LINE [F4], QUAD [F7] and then: +—.or —or ft. WordMill ML/4.1 8-5 PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS Note: The title will only be printed as a header or a footer as you instruct: It will not be printed as part of the text. Deleting a title line is carried out in exactly the same way as if it were ordinary text: Position the cursor anywhere on the line, press LINE [F4], DELETE and then DO. The same is true for editing a title: use INSERT, DELETE, etc. as you would for an ordinary text line. Go through the whole document and insert all the titles that you require. Then press EXIT [F10] to exit from the document and activate the PAGINATE option. Locating Headers and Footers inside the Frames Now that you’ve learned how to prepare the texts of headers and footers and where on the page they can go into, you should learn how to instruct WordMill to place those texts inside the frames. You do this by replying to the three pagination prompts - HEAD-1 H/F/N - I/J/0 HEAD-2 H/F/N - I/J/0 HEAD-3 H/F/N - I/J/0 The first prompt ("HEAD-1") refers to those titles in the document which were numbered "1"; "HEAD-2" refers to titles numbered "2" etc. First of all you'll learn to associate title lines in the document with specific frame lines. Your answer to each of the prompts can be either the single letter N or a two letters answer: The first letter being either H (for header) or F (for footer) and the second one I or Jor 0. * N means "None": All titles having this number shall be ignored. * H means "Header": All titles having this number shall go into the header frame having same number. WordMill ML/4.1 8-6 oO PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS * F means “Footer": All titles having this number shall go into the footer frame having same number. E.g., if your answer to "HEAD-2" begins with the letter F then titles whose identifying number is "2" shall be placed in line 2 of the footer frame, i.e. in F2. Next, you will learn how to specify the "orientation" of the text inside its frame line. There are 6 options: Centered Quad Right Quad Left . Justified Inside: Left on odd numbered pages and right on even numbered pages. 6. Outside: Right on odd numbered pages and left on even numbered pages. Opewnr . . * To get the title to be centered, quad right or quad left — the title line itself must be centered, etc.; in that case the second letter of the answer (I,J or 0) is irrelevant. To get any of the other three arrangements the title line must be a regular line (not “quad"; but it may contain “End of Paragraph’). You could then specify — * J: The text is to be justified across the whole frame line, * I: The text is to be aligned as in (5) above (alter- nating left and right). * 0: The text is to be aligned as in (6) above, If you want one part of the title text to be left aligned and another part to be right aligned, then you should connect words with “hard spaces". (The character ~ signifies a hard space in the following example): this"is"left°aligned ~ a * this” is" right” aligned The extra few hard spaces thrown in the middle are sometimes necessary to help with the justification. WordMill ML/4.1 8-7 PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS When columned text is printed, titles are justified (or centered) across the page and not across the column, Simi- larly, centered page numbers are centered over the page and not over the column. PAGE NUMBERS The next prompt "PAGE NUMBERS H/F/N-1/2/3 [N]" allows you to choose whether or not the pages of your document are to be numbered, and where on the page are the numbers to appear. Page numbers may be from a single digit up to numbers of four digits. Simply press ENTER if you decide not to number the pages. As you could guess, the page number can be printed either in a header frame or in a footer frame and you must indicate on which of the three lines in the frame it is to appear. Type the appropriate two characters (e.g. F2, for footer frame 2) and press ENTER. Note: If you request page numbers in the header frame, a three-line frame will be allocated at the top of the page even if there are no textual headers. The same is true for footer page numbers and footer frames. Qnce you answer the PAGE NUMBERS prompt, three other prompts, which do not otherwise appear, follow one at a time. They are as follows: 1. "LOCATION (I/C/0/L/R)" - choose where the page numbers are to be located: I = inside, C = center, 0 = outside, L = left, R= right. If page numbers are centered, they are surrounded by dashes, for example: - 45 - The page numbers may be located on the same frame-line as a title. WordMil] will arrange the title and the page number side by side on the line provided that the page number is located on the inside or on the outside of the page and that the title is located similarly or on the left- or right-hand side of the page. Otherwise they will be printed one on top of the other. WordMill ML/4.1 8-8 Oo PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS You can of course use hard spaces in the title text to separate the page number from the text so that it will look as if the page number is part of the title. 2. "FIRST PAGE NO [1]" - the page numbering need not neces- sarily begin with page 1, it may begin with any number you wish. Type the number for the first page and press ENTER. (This number will be the one used as ‘default value’ if you simply ENTER for the parameter "START AT PAGE NUMBER"; no lower number than this could be accepted there). Many documents begin with a page which is not numbered. In such a case enter ‘0° as the first page number; it will never be printed (even if you instruct that the first page number is to be printed; see the following parameter). In effect the page numbering will start from ‘1’ on the second page. 3. "PRINT IT? (Y/N) [N]" - this refers to the first page number which need not necessarily be printed. This often happens in letters, for example, where the numbers are printed at the top of the page from the second page on. Type Y or N as required and press ENTER. The next prompt for "SPACE LINES TO TEXT [2]" only appears if you give title or page number instructions. Type the num- ber (0-9) of blank lines to be left between the text and the headers/footers frames and press ENTER. HOW WordMill DIVIDES THE TEXT INTO PAGES The "LINES PER COLUMN" parameter value determines the number of lines which are to be printed on a page. However, you may find that the number of lines actually printed may vary from page to page. There are two reasons for this: 1. Changes of the line spacing parameter value: The line spacing may be changed wherever you wish within a document. The instruction, which you will learn about shortly, is given while editing. Obviously if you increase the line spacing within a given area, fewer lines can be printed, and vice versa. WordMill ML/4.1 8-9 PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS 2. Division of the document into paragraphs, tables, etc. The three rules concerning the division of text are following: (i) | WordMill will not cause two parts of the same paragraph to be located on separate pages if one or both of the parts contains only one line. It follows therefore that a paragraph of only 2 or 3 lines will not be divided. (ii) WordMill will not permit a single-line heading to be separated from the text which follows it, even if End of Paragraph appears at the end of the heading. Note: ‘Heading’ does not refer to headers or footers but to titles within the docu- ment itself. Nevertheless, if you inserted a blank line bet- ween the heading and the text following it, pagination could cause the two parts to be located on different pages. You can prevent this from happening by using the pagination control characters which you will learn about shortly. (iii) Suppose you insert two or more blank lines bet- ween two paragraphs. If pagination causes the blank lines to be located at the beginning of a new page, WordMill ignores them and the new page begins with the first line of the next paragraph, PAGINATION CONTROL CHARACTERS Pagination control characters allow you to give more detail- ed instructions concerning line spacing, blocks of text which are not to be separated, etc. As with the headers and footers, these control characters must be introduced while editing the document. The method of doing so is as follows: Position the cursor anywhere on a line after which the pagi- nation control character is to be inserted. Press Alt+tP. A WordMill ML/4.1 8-10 *) PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS new line is created in exactly the same way as when you press ENTER, Press Alt+P again. A net-like sign (i) appears at the begin- ning of the new line and the prompt: Pag. C.C. 01234S BE PC NY appears in the dialogue line; the cursor remains on the sign. At this point you may press CANCEL if you change your mind, and the new line with the ij disappears. The sign — is called the Pagination Control Flag and it can- not be inserted other than on a blank line. Now you have to type one of the Pagination Control Characters shown in the dialogue line. If you try and type any other character, that character will appear momentarily only but will not be ac- cepted. When you type one of the legal control characters it appears next to the #, e.g. In order to delete a pagination control character, position the cursor anywhere on the line in which it appears. Press LINE [F4], DELETE and then DO as you would if you were de- leting an ordinary line of text. Note: - As stated above, Alt+P when pressed the first time has the same function as ENTER, i.e. to create a new line. You may use ENTER if you wish, but you will probably find it more convenient to press Alt+P twice when inserting the pagination control charac- ters. - Do not type any other text on the same line as a pagination control character. If you do so, that text will not be printed. - You may insert several pagination control characters at the same point in the text. Make sure however that each one is typed on a separate line and prece- ded by a {j. There are 12 pagination control characters, and they are described below. WordMill ML/4.1 8-11 PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS Line Spacing The five control characters #0, 21, #2, 23 and #4 are those which control the line spacing within the document. As soon as one of these control characters appears in the document, the spacing of the lines following is temporarily altered. The control character - notice that this is the letter S$ and not the number 5 - cancels the temporary spacing and causes the line spacing to revert to its original value given in the pagination instructions. The line spacing values 1, 2, 3 and 4 have already been ex- plained previously. The value 0 can only be entered as a pagination control character within the document and not as a value for the line spacing parameter in the pagination instructions. It causes one line to be printed on top of another and is useful for typing compound symbols, such as: #= New Page/New Column Suppose you wish to start a chapter on a new page, or print a table separately from the text. The control characters =P and #C instruct the pagination program to begin printing on a new page and a new column respectively. The new page or column will begin from the line following that on which the control character appears,-regardless of whether the pre- vious page’s or column’s printing area is full or not. Note: If you insert #jP or jC before a blank line, then the new page or column will begin with a blank line. This is in contrast to the division of the text into pages described above, where blank lines are ignored if they happen to appear at the beginning of a page. “Begin Keep’ and “End Keep” You have just learned that if a heading is separated from the text following it by a blank line, the pagination prog- ram may cause the heading and the text to be printed on dif- ferent pages. The two control characters #{B and HE (“Begin Keep’ and “End Keep’) prevent this from happening. WordMil] ML/4.1 8-12 PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS Insert 4B before the first line of the section of text which must not be divided, and then 3E after that section’s last line. If there is not enough room for all of the text en- closed by these two control characters to be printed on one page, the whole section will be located at the beginning of the next page. The rest of the current page is filled with blank lines. Two other possible uses of “Begin Keep’ and “End Keep’ are: 1. To ensure that one part of a table is not printed on one page and the second part on another. 2. To ensure that several lines which may have been left blank for later pasting of, say, a diagram, will remain on the same page. “No Print’ and “Yes Print’ Suppose you have to send copies of the same document to a number of people, but a certain section of the document is not applicable to all of them. Any section of text enclosed by the two control characters §N (No Print) and iY (Yes Print) will not be paginated and therefore of course not printed. As with |B and #E, insert [-N before the first line of the section of text which is not to be printed and jjY after that section’s last line. PRINT SCREEN AND PAGINATION CONTROL CHARACTERS The PRINT SCREEN program recognizes the Pagination Control Characters as follows: Line Spacing - (0, fl, {§2, #3, {4 and js: Printing is carried out according to the definitions above, New Page - {/P: Printing stops on the line immediately before the control character. New Column - iC: Printing stops on the line immediately before the control character. Some printers wil] WordMill ML/4.1 8-13 PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS scroll the paper back for the new column to be printed. Begin Keep and End Keep - #B and !iE: These control characters have no effect in PRINT SCREEN. No Print and Yes Print - &N and #Y: Printing is carried out according to the definitions above. CHANGE FONT INSTRUCTIONS In chapter 7 you have learned the basic rules for the var- ious fonts which may be used within the document. In this section you will learn how and when to give the CHANGE FONT instructions. You may change the fonts as often as you wish within the document provided that you use no more than three different fonts per document. However, if you are using a Dot Matrix printer, it is not a good idea to change the pitch within a given line. Position the cursor on the character from which the text is to be printed in a font different than Font #1. Press Alt+2 or Alt+3, signifying whether the text from now on is to be printed in the Font #2 or #3. (The actual fonts represented by the numbers 1, 2 and 3 should be defined in the pagi- nation parameters). The character is displayed in reverse video. ‘ Now position the cursor on the character from which the next font change (or the resumption of the previous font) is to take place and repeat the same procedure: Press Alt+1, Alt+2 or Alt+3 as required. Note: All the text from the CHANGE FONT instruction will be printed in the new font. Do not forget to change back again to the original font when necessary, say, at the end of a heading. You may later need to find out which font is “hiding” behind the character -in reverse video. Reposition the cursor on that character and press Alt+F (F=Font). The appropriate WordMill ML/4.1 8-14 * oO PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS number replaces the character until you move the cursor again. CHANGE FONT instructions may be put on "visible characters" such as letters, punctuation marks, ‘End of Paragraph’s, hard spaces, soft spaces, etc. but not on regular spaces. Therefore changing back to the original font at the end of a heading is best done by placing the CHANGE FONT instruction on the “End of Paragraph’ symbol. There are two ways to remove a CHANGE FONT instruction: 1. Position the cursor on the character and press Alt+0. _2. Position the cursor on the character and type a regular space over it. Notice however that this will delete the character as well as the instruction... PRINTING ON A DAISY WHEEL PRINTER If you are using a Daisy Wheel printer, a document which contains CHANGE FONT instructions is handled in the follow- jing manner: 1. All of the text in the first font (wheel) is printed, with blank spaces being left for text which is to be printed in other fonts. 2. The paper is then scrolled back to the top of the current page. 3. A message instructing you to change the font to, say, F2 appears in the dialogue line. 4, You must then replace the first wheel with the second wheel and press PRINT [Shift+PrtSc] for the printing to recommence. 5. The text using the second font is then printed. WordMill ML/4.1 8-15 PAGINATION: ADVANCED TOPICS 6. The procedure is repeated until the whole page has been printed. In this way it is only necessary to make one wheel change per page for each font. Not all printers have the ‘scroll back’ feature, and those that do might not scroll back accurately; this is particu- larly true when automatic sheet feeders are attached. If this is so, use the PAPER-BACK=N option in the WMPARAMS file to disable the paper ‘scroll back” feature (see Chapter 11). The printer will then stop for you to change the wheel at each font changing point. Tiny spaces of 1/120" each are being used for justification, This is in contrast to Dot Matrix printers which use spaces each the full size of a regular character. Note: The size of a “tiny space’ vary from one printer to another. 1/120" is most common, but other sizes such as 1/60" may be found in some printers. WordMi11 ML/4.1 8-16 * Chapter 9: SPECIAL PRINTING FEATURES CONTENTS LEADERS . . . § How to Introduce Leaders into Your. Document. Leaders in Columns of Tables. . . - Pagination of Leaders: Spacing and Alignment EDITING AND PRINTING FORMULAS. . es Special Characters for Formulas. Sa 6 x DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS. . . . «7 w© w Printing of Formulas . . ..... Pitch Changes. . “ % TABLES PRINTED IN DIFFERENT PITCHES i WordMill ML/4.1 owowwwwnwowvo wo Oo 1 WODMDWDWOnNA NN SW WwW 9-1 Notes WordMill ML/4.1 9-2 SPECIAL PRINTING FEATURES LEADERS So far you have learned to use all the features described in Chapter 7 "Pagination and Printing", except one: ‘Leaders’. Leaders - sometimes called “leader dots" - are characters which ‘lead’ the eye from one side of the page to the other. You will most often find leaders used in tables of contents, where dots separate ’a title from its page number. However, leaders need not necessarily be dots. You may choose any character you please to be a Leader e.g. a hyphen, an as- terisk or even a space. Leaders have two special characteristics: (i) The spacing between each two consecutive leaders, although remaining constant throughout the docu- ment, may be wider or narrower according to your choice. (ii) The leaders are vertically aligned, i.e. each leader in a given line appears directly below a leader in the line above. How to Introduce Leaders into Your Document Return to editing your document. Type the text which is to appear on the left-hand side of the line. Press LEADERS [Alt+F4]. The Leader Flag, a two-sided arrow +—, appears together with a DOT. Now type the text which is to appear on the right-hand side of the line and press ENTER. As you will see it is not ne- cessary for you to type a whole line of leaders: Automatic- ally the second piece of text is ‘pushed’ to the right mar- gin by a row of dots. The Dot is the default Leader Character. In order to change it to another leader, revert to the EDT mode and press LEADERS [Alt+F4] again. The prompt "LEADER IS" appears in the dialogue line. Type the new leader character and press ENTER. WordMill] ML/4.1 9-3 SPECIAL PRINTING FEATURES Following are the rules governing the use of leaders: 1. Lines containing leaders usually have some text at the left- and right-hand margins, but this is not essential. You may choose to have only left-aligned text or only right-aligned text together with lead- ers, or even to have a line containing leaders only. 2. It is not possible for you to accidentally erase a Leader Flag by typing over it. If you do wish to de- lete the Flag, do so in the normal way by positioning the cursor on it and pressing DELETE twice. Similar- ly, a Leader Flag may be inserted by reverting to INSERT mode and typing [Alt+F4]. 3. Leader characters may not be emphasized. Even if you add an emphasis during editing, the pagination prog- ram will later ignore it, and the leaders will be printed without the emphasis. 4. Do not use more than one Leader Flag in a single line of regular text: You are likely to get some peculiar results! However, in tables you may use one Leader Flag in each column. 5. You can choose a Hard Space for the Leader Character, to get lines the text of which is both Quad Right and Quad Left. Leaders in Columns of Tables Tables cannot be considered as ordinary text and it is not common to find tables with leader characters. However, Word- Mill makes provision for this possibility. The rules governing the introduction of leaders into tables are somewhat different from those described above. 1. First make sure that the Tab Filler Character is a “TAB’ - see "Tab Filler Character" in Chapter 4. (Reminder: In the EDT-mode, press Tab until the cursor reaches the bottom of the screen and the prompt "“TAB’ FILLER:" appears in the dialogue line. WordMill ML/4.1 9-4 SPECIAL PRINTING FEATURES Press Tab once more for the “TAB” symbol (a dot) to appear. Then press ENTER). 2. Insert a ‘ruler copy’ corresponding exactly to the table structure immediately above the table. 3. At the beginning of a column in which leaders are to appear, first type the text preceding the leaders, then press LEADERS [Alt+F4], then type the text fol- lowing the leaders. Finally, instead of pressing ENTER as you would normally, press Tab to reach the next column. 4. You will notice that pressing Tab does not cause the text to be pushed to the right, and the space to be filled with leaders. Later the pagination program will enter the correctly spaced leaders according to the width of the column. Pagination of Leaders: Spacing and Alignment Activate the PAGINATE option and enter the parameter values until you reach the prompt: "LEADER SPACING". The possible values for the leader spacing are 0 through 7 where the default value is 0. This determines how much space the pagi- nation program will insert between two consecutive leader characters. Obviously, if you enter the value 0, no spaces will be inserted at all. If you enter the value 3, say, then 3 character spaces will be inserted at print time between any two consecutive leaders. Give the rest of the instructions for pagination and then print your paginated document. Notice the spacing between the leaders and also that WordMill has dealt with their vertical alignment automatically. WordMill ML/4.1 9-5 SPECIAL PRINTING FEATURES EDITING AND PRINTING FORMULAS In this section you will learn how to type and give inst- ructions for the printing of formulas. Linear formulas, for example X = Y + Z, H9S0q, x2 - y? = (xty)(x-y), may be typed in the normal way using superscripts and subscripts where required. Non-linear formulas are slightly more complicated. Suppose you have to type the following formula: = (4) X=—— (ii) 23 (iii) First of all ‘clear’ the screen: In the TYP mode, press Tab continuously, to create a few lines filled with spaces. Then change to EDT mode and move the cursor to the position from where you wish to type your formula. There are two ways in which this may be done and you can use the PRINT SCREEN option to see what the formula looks like when printed. 1. Type (i) with “2° as a superscript [Alt+t] on the first line. Next type (ii) on the next line, where the fraction line is typed by Ctri+[-]. And then type (iii) on the third line with “3° as a super- script as well. 2. Enter a pagination control character ) to change to single line spacing (press [Alt+P] twice and then 1). Now type the formula as five separate lines: °2° on the first, “Y’ on the second, “X = ——’ on the third, “3° on the fourth and “Z° on the fifth. Don’t forget to change back to your regular line spacing (#S) after you have typed the formula. The second method is probably more readable on the screen than the first method. Of course, there is nothing to pre- vent you from mixing both methods for more complex for- mulas. : The ‘scripts’ different characteristics when they appear on the screen were described in “Superscripts and Subscripts" WordMill ML/4.1 9-6 SPECIAL PRINTING FEATURES in Chapter 3. Just to refresh your memory, here is a short summar y: 1. Superscripts and subscripts appear on the screen as regular characters with an ‘underline’. 2. The character will also blink if the super- or subscript is underlined. It will stop blinking as soon as either the underline or the ‘script’ attribute is removed. 3. When the cursor is positioned on a super- or subscript, an up- or down-pointing arrow, respectively, will replace the character until you move the cursor again. Special Characters for Formulas The set of 31 scientific characters for use in mathematical formulas has already been briefly mentioned in "Scientific Characters" in Chapter 3. These are obtained in a similar manner to that described for the graphic characters. Press Ctr1 together with one of the keys on the keyboard. The keys and characters are shown in the following table. WFO ee neg geno eee nS We oe gen Cah oll | Ctr1+ Char | Ctr1+ Char | Ctr1+ Char | Ctri+ Char| | | | | | MOn-vVdE:z aos ¢ Azonmowr>r> aAaranaA NIA RWR,R Amn Srowao urn MY t+ itil | | | | | | | DPMSs8 oD o & NOD AVN >< | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ee eee See eS Sele es a | WordMill ML/4.1 9-7 SPECIAL PRINTING FEATURES DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS Printing of Formulas WordMill supports "Scientific" wheels on all Daisy Printers. To use a scientific wheel on your daisy ‘printer, type in the formula according to the Scientific Keyboard Layout Chart supplied to you for your printer. To enhance the readability of the formula on the screen, you may make use of the special characters for formulas mentioned previously. In the pagination parameters you shall use, in most cases, the font names SYMB12 or SYMB10 for the scientific wheel. (However, in some daisy wheel printers WordMill might use different font names for the scientific wheels). Pitch Changes The basic horizontal unit of a Daisy Wheel Printer is usually 1/120". For example, if in your document the HORIZONTAL PITCH ("standard" number of characters per inch) parameter = 10, the printer head advances 12 such units as each character is printed because 12 x 1/120" = 1/10". The above explanation is valid if the wheel you are using is of the same pitch, 10. The pitch in which the text is printed determines whether the characters are “squeezed” together or spaced apart, and therefore the legibility of the print. Each font has its own ‘natural’ pitch, or the pitch in which the printed text is most legible, e.g. 12 and 10 (the most common pitches) are ‘natural’ for ELITE and PICA fonts respectively. There are also fonts whose pitch is 15. The most pleasing results are obtained when the font’s natural pitch is given as the parameter value in the pagination instructions. It is possible to mix wheels of different pitches. However, you may come across some problems. Suppose you have text of pitches 10 and 12 on the same line, and the "HORIZONTAL PITCH" value for this document is 12. If the line contains too many characters of pitch 10, some part of the text might be printed beyond the margin. Conversely, if the parameter value is 10, then the pitch 12 text characters will take up relatively less room. This might result in too much white WordMill ML/4.1 9-8 Oo Oo SPECIAL PRINTING FEATURES space, i.e. too much space expansion, between words when justification is carried out. So what can you do if you want to keep out of trouble ? Well, if you are willing to “sacrifice” the ‘natural’ pitch of the font, you should have no problems: For example, instead of mixing PICA10 and ELIT12, use these same wheels (Pica and Elite) but either as PICA10 and ELIT10 or as PICA12 and ELIT12. TABLES PRINTED IN DIFFERENT PITCHES Tables which are to be printed in different pitches are also likely to cause similar problems to those described above: Columns which were left- or right-aligned when printed in one pitch will no longer be so when printed in two different pitches. The table must therefore be prepared in a special way, as follows: Before typing your table, make sure that the Tab Stops of the ruler are correctly located. Then enter "TAB" as your Tab Filler character as described above in "Leaders in Columns of Tables". When you type your table, every time you press Tab to reach the next column, the spaces between the columns are filled with "TABS". Do not forget to place a correct Ruler Copy above the table. If, when your table is printed, you notice that the columns are not properly aligned, first check the Ruler Copy and then the Tab Filler character. "TAB" may be used as a filler character even if the whole table is to be printed in a single pitch. The only limit- ation is that "TABS" may not be emphasized. So, it is prob- ably a good idea to change the tab filler character back to a regular SPACE if you need to ‘draw’ any horizontal lines using the underline emphasis. WordMill ML/4.1 9-9 Notes WordMill ML/4.1 Chapter 10: MERGE AND PRINT CONTENTS THE “MERGE AND PRINT’ PROGRAM . DEFINITIONS OF TERMS. . . . «ws Variables . . «© «© © © «© «© © «© Values. «= + «© © « & «© © © « Regular Values . . 2. «© © «© © Conditional Values. . . . . «se Global Values. . . . .. © Operators . . . « +» «© «© «© © « Delimiterss « « «= = « » © * «* Separators. »« »« » © » © @ © % Data Records. . ah Og HOW TO CREATE A FORM DOCUMENT . . HOW TO CREATE A DATA FILE . . .. . GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MERGE PROCESS ACTIVATING THE MERGE FEATURE . . . PAGINATION PARAMETERS. . « «© 6 « THE MERGE PROCESS . . «© «© «© «© «© «© Automatic Merge. . . . «© « - Semi-Automatic Merge . .... . Merging an Empty Value. . . . . . Deletion of Lines . . 5 Text which Resembles a Variable. Conditional Merge . . . PAGINATING OR PRINTING THE MERGED "DOCUMENT. TERMINATION OF THE MERGE PROCESS. . EXTRACTING RECORDS FROM A DATA FILE . WordMill ML/4.1 . Notes WordMil] ML/4.1 10-2 MERGE AND PRINT THE “MERGE AND PRINT’ PROGRAM The Merge and Print program merges different sets of data into defined locations of a given document, thus creating a number -of similar but not identical documents. When printed these documents look as if they have each been separately typed and paginated. Probably the most popular use of this feature is sending the same ‘original’ letter to several addressees. In order to carry out Merge and Print, a Form Document must first be prepared. A Form Document is an "incomplete" docu- ment (for example, a "skeleton" of a standard letter or contract). It contains a number of variables which will be replaced by values when the MERGE program is activated. The special structure of a WordMill Form Document will be de- scribed later. A second document called a Data File contains values which are to replace the variables in the Form Document. You have the option of either creating a Data File in advance or typing in the values when requested to do so during the merge process. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS Apart from the Form Document and the Data File, there are a number of terms which you are probably unfamiliar with, that are used in the Merge and Print program. The definitions of these terms are following: Variables: A variable is a string of characters appearing in the Form Document which is replaced by a given value during the merge process. The string may not contain any ‘Spaces and it must be delimited on both ends by a ‘Delimiter’ (see below). A variable may consist of any number of characters provided that those characters are contained on a single line. Common examples of variables are: Names, addresses, dates, amounts, etc. Values: A value is a string of characters which either replaces a given variable during the merge process or is being used in the checking of conditions. The maximum number of characters in any given value is 40 but a WordMill ML/4.1 10-3 MERGE AND PRINT value containing no characters, i.e. an “empty” value, is also acceptable. Spaces may be included in the string but "leading" and "trailing" spaces are not considered as part of the value. (This refers to regular spaces; "hard" or "soft" spaces are treated as any printable character). Therefore a value which consists of (regu- lar) spaces only is equivalent to the empty value. Regular Values: A regular value is one which appears in the Data File, or it is a value typed during the merge pror cess. Regular values replace variables during the merge process. Conditional Values: A conditional value is one which appears in the first part of the Form Document. During the merge process the conditional values are compared with the regular values. According to the results of these com- parisons, the data record (see later) is either merged into the Form Document or skipped. Conditional values may only be used if a Data File is participating in the merge process. Global Values: A global value also appears in the first part of the Form Document. It may only be used if you specify that No Data File is to participate in the merge pro- cess. A different global value may be given to each of the variables appearing in the first part of the form document. Whenever a particular variable appears in the second part of the formm document it will be replaced by the global value assigned to it in the first part. Operators: Operators define the rules according to which the conditional values are compared with the regular values. This comparison decides whether a particular Data Record is to be merged or skipped. Delimiters: A delimiter defines the beginning and end of a variable. You may choose any one of the following 16 characters as the delimiter: WordMil] ML/4.1 10-4 O MERGE AND PRINT Ihe en ee le uh et skies ae ee ee TL | Delimiters and Separators for Merge and Print | $2& * - + =" >: 3 / 2 1 ¢ Separators: A separator is a character which separates two values in the Data File when those two values appear on the same line. It may also signify an empty value: Two consecutive separators on the same line signify one ‘empty value; three consecutive separators signify two ‘ empty values, etc. Any one of the above 16 characters could be used as a separator. Data Records: A data record is a ‘set’ of values in the Data File. A single merge operation is carried out on each data record. The whole merge process repeats the opera- tion for as many data records as are contained in the Data File (unless you instruct otherwise). Every Data File is made up of at least one data record. A single data record may contain as many as 127 dif- ferent values. Data records are separated from each other by one (or more) blank lines. The values of a single data record may appear: (i) all on the same line, or (ii) each on a separate line, or (iii) several on the same line and others on separate lines. If several values appear on the same line, they must be separated from each other by a separator. One Data File may supply the values for any number of Form Documents. Therefore the structure of the Data File, specifically: Its width, the order and number of the values it contains, the use of separators, etc. is independent of any particular Form Document. The first part of a Form Document defines which values are to be WordMill ML/4.1 : 10-5 MERGE AND PRINT merged, by listing the variables according to the order of the values in the data record. HOW TO CREATE A FORM DOCUMENT First of all create a new document in exactly the same way as you would an ordinary document. A Form Document is com- posed of two parts. The first part is a list of variables; the second part contains the text of the document with some or all of these variables appearing in various places. The following letter is a typical example of a Form Docu- ment, where ™ denotes an End of Paragraph and * denotes a delimiter. *Initials*s *Surname*= ake *Address*= *Town*s *Countr y*s *Date*s Mr. *Initials* *Surname*,# *Address* a *Town*m (*Country*) = a a Dear Mr. *Surname* = a Thank you for your letter of *Date*. I have enclosed our most recent catalogue together with a price list as you requested. We look forward to receiving an order from you in the near future.s= a Yours sincerely,™ gs i} M. Smiths Sales Managers#™ WordMill ML/4.1 10-6 MERGE AND PRINT Type your Form Document, bearing in mind the following rules which govern the structure of the two parts of the Form oO Document. Use the above example as a guide. Part I l. You should begin each line on column 1, and the first character in each line must be a delimiter. .. You may end each line with an End of Paragraph, but this is not essential. . Each line must be of one, and only one, of these structures: (i) a variable (ii) a "skipped value" indicator (two delimiters typed one after the other - in this case **) (iii) a variable + an operator + a conditional value, . Part I must contain at least one line with a variable name (i.e. lines of type (i) or type (iii) above). . The order of the variables (i.e. the order of the lines) must correspond exactly with the order of the values in the appropriate Data File. . You have just learned that a Data File may contain values for more than one Form Document. The "skipped value" indicators tell the merge program which values of the data records are to be ignored. However, you need not necessarily use “skipped value" indicators; you may simply give a full list of variables for the corresponding values of the Data File, naming also values which are not going to be utilized in this Form Document. Separate Part I and Part II from each other by a Pagination Control Flag # plus any one of the Pagination Control Cha- racters. (Here the control character merely separates the two parts; hence you may use any one of them). WordMill ML/4.1 10-7 MERGE AND PRINT Part II 1. The text of this part is typed as an ordinary document with the required variables inserted where - appropriate. 2. You may use pagination control characters as you would normally. 3. You may insert other variables apart from those which appear in Part I. 4. Every variable which appears in both parts will be (automatically) replaced by its corresponding value during the merge process. 5. During the merge process, you will be asked to replace any variable which appears in Part II but not in Part I. 6. There is no limit to the number of times that a variable can appear in Part II. HOW TO CREATE A DATA FILE The following is an example of a Data File which could sup- ply values for the above Form Document. The symbol ‘m#’ de- notes an end of paragraph and the symbol “!° stands for a separator. D.J.!Nicholas!Merchant !21, Regent St. !Londons England! April 15thm= a M. '!Venture !Economist !311 Rue Royal !Le Havrem France! July 5tha | D.S.!Collins !!514, Madison Avenue 'New Yorks !September 30ths a P, !Gautier !Engineer !6, Place d°Italie !Parism France! April 23rd™ WordMill ML/4.1 10-8 Oo oO MERGE AND PRINT Create a new document in the ordinary manner. Using the above example as a guide, type your Data File. The rules governing the structure of a Data File, some of which have been mentioned previously, are summarized below: 1. A Data File consists of a set of Data Records which are separated from each other by at least one blank line, 2.-A Data Record consists of a number of Values which may appear on a single line provided that they are separated by Separators. If they appear on different lines, the separator is optional. 3. A value may not be divided into two lines. Therefore the width of the Data File must be at least that of the "longest" value. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MERGE PROCESS The. merge process may be carried out in either one of two ways: . (i) Without Data File: When no Data File is used, you will either be asked to type the values as and when necessary; or the variables will be automatically replaced by the global values which you gave in Part I of the Form Document. (ii) With Data File: When a Data File takes part in the process, either the values of the data records automatically replace the variables, and/or you will be asked to insert the values when necessary. The merge process performs the following three steps repeat- edly until all Records of the Data File have been pro- cessed: 1. Reads a Data Record from the Data File. 2. Merges the values of the data record into the Form Document to create a merged document. WordMill ML/4.1 10-9 MERGE AND PRINT 3. Paginates the merged document, outputs the resulting page(s) onto the diskette (or the printer) and then deletes the merged document. Make sure that the Form Document is contained on the Drive 2 diskette when you activate the MERGE option. The Data File may reside on either diskette: WordMill will first look for jt on the Drive 1 diskette and then on the Drive 2 diskette. The merged document is written (temporarily) on the Drive 2 diskette, but if a W- or an S-type document is created it is written onto whichever drive you request. ACTIVATING THE MERGE FEATURE Return to the Menu. The instructions for activating the MERGE option are very similar to those for the PAGINATE option. If WordMill was not loaded from a Hard Disk, insert the WordMill Diskette into Drive 1 so that the WMMPG.OVR overlay may be loaded. Position the cursor on the MERGE option of the Menu and press ENTER. When the prompt "QUTPUT CLASS (W/S/P):" appears, type W, S or P (see "Pagination Instructions", Chapter 7) and then press ENTER. The prompt "FORM DOCUMENT:” appears next. Type the name of the Form Document and press ENTER. If you enter an incorrect name, or if the Form Document is not contained on the Drive 2 diskette, the flashing message "NOT FOUND" will appear. Either press ENTER to enter a cor- rect name, or press CANCEL to return to the Menu. Remember that Directory Operations may be carried out when the MPG overlay is loaded. If necessary, copy the Form Docu- ment from the Drive 1 diskette to the Drive 2 diskette - don’t forget to replace the WordMill diskette first - and repeat the procedure. The prompt "DATA FILE:" appears. Type the name of the Data File. The Data File may reside in the Drive 1 or in the Drive 2 diskette or in another diskette altogether. (The program does not at this stage check for the Data File on either of the diskettes. Later, if it cannot be found, you WordMill ML/4.1 10-10 MERGE AND PRINT will be given the opportunity to insert the correct data diskette into Drive 1). Press ENTER. The prompt "SEPARATOR:" appears to the right of the "DATA FILE" prompt. Either type the separator character you used to separate values in the Data File and press ENTER, or sim- ply press ENTER if your Data File does not contain any sepa- rators. If the merge process is to be carried out without a Data File, merely press ENTER when the “DATA FILE:" prompt appears. The flashing question "NO DATA FILE ?" appears to the right of the prompt just in case you have made a mis- take. If you have, press CANCEL and the question disappears. Now type the Data File’s name and press ENTER. In order to confirm that no Data File is to be used, simply press ENTER. WordMill now checks the structure of the Form Document. The structure must comply with the rules listed above. If it does not, the flashing message "ERROR IN FORM DOCUMENT" to- gether with an Error Identification Number appears in the dialogue line. The following table summarizes the Form Document Error Identification Numbers: WordMill ML/4.1 10-11 MERGE AND PRINT one ee ee ee | Error No | Reason | bp missing separator (/!) between part I and II variables, or none at all | | | | | | | | | | | re | | 2 | part I is missing | | | 3 | the first character of the first | | line is not a legal delimiter | | | | 4 | avariable in part I is not | | | properly delimited | | | | | 5 | a variable contains a space | | | | | 6 | part 1 contains more than 127 | | | | | If the error message is displayed, press any key: The Menu returns to the screen. You must now go back to the Farm Document, correct its structure and repeat the steps described above. . PAGINATION PARAMETERS The message "PAGINATION PARAMETERS" appears in the dialogue line and the first parameter "COLUMNS PER PAGE" appears. The procedure from here is exactly the same as that described in "The Pagination Instructions" in Chapter 7 until the actual merge process begins: The parameters appear one by one in the same order and you must enter a value for each or simply press ENTER to use the default value. The parameters refer to a single pagination operation for a single merged document. Therefore, the same "first page number", for example, will later be printed in the same lo- cation in each separate document. WordMill ML/4.1 10-12 * MERGE AND PRINT Once you have entered all the parameter values, the message "PRESS ANOTHER KEY TO CONTINUE" appears. Press any key on the keyboard apart from ENTER. If you requested the’ output document to be written onto the Drive 1 diskette, the mes- sage "PROGRAM DISKETTE MAY BE REPLACED" appears. The output could be written onto the WordMill diskette, but this should be avoided. If you must write the W- or S-type file to drive A, you would better make sure that the Word- Mill diskette is not in the drive before you let the program continue. THE MERGE PROCESS If you. have specified that a Data File takes part in the merge process, WordMill will now check whether that file is contained on either of the two diskettes. The flashing mes- sage "INSERT DATA FILE DISKETTE IN DRIVE 1" will appear if the file is not found. Insert the appropriate diskette and press DO. Again, provided that a Data File is participating in the merge process, the question "HOW MANY DATA GROUPS TO SKIP?" appears. Press ENTER if all the Records (“Data Groups’) are to be processed, i.e. no records are to be skipped. Otherwise type in the number of groups (records) which are to be skipped and then press ENTER. This feature is useful if, say in the above example, letters are to be sent to only the last three addressees and not to the first one. The message "MERGE & PRINT: MERGING DATA GROUP No. 0001 OF into DOCUMENT

" appears at the top of the screen, where the Ruler Line is usually located. Note: The first Data Group number will of course depend on whether any Data Groups are to be skipped or not. If, for example three Records are to be skipped, the first “ number will be 0004. The Form Document is displayed below the message and the actual merge process begins. The variables in Part II are WordMill ML/4.1 10-13 MERGE AND PRINT highlighted and replaced by values one by one in the order that they appear according to the following rules; Automatic Merge Each variable in Part II which is listed in Part I is auto- matically replaced in either of the following two instanc- es: , With the Data File: The variable name in Part I corres- ponds to a certain value in the Data File and the same variable in Part II is replaced by that value. Without the Data File: A global value has been assigned to to the variable in Part I (e.g. $city$=New York). This. value now substitutes the variable in Part II. Semi-Automatic Merge WordMill will ask for a value to replace a variable (the prompt "REPLACE WITH:" appears in the dialogue line) in either of the following two instances: - A variable appears in Part II but not in Part I. - A variable appears both in Part II and in Part I but no global value has been given for it, and no Data File is taking part in the process. Type the value and press ENTER. Within a single merge operation, this same value will also automatically replace all the instances of this variable appearing later in the Form Document. For subsequent merge operations you will be asked to type new values in each case. Merging an Empty Value Merging an empty value causes the variable to disappear, and nothing instead of it. An empty value will be merged if: - it "appears" in the Data File (absent value, or All-Spaces value). - you press just ENTER when WordMill asks for a value to replace a particular variable. WordMill ML/4.1 10-14 MERGE AND PRINT Deletion of Lines Suppose Part II of your Form Document contains the following three lines: +Number-Street+™ +Town+ +Postal-Code+m™ +Country+.= If you enter an empty value for "Postal-Code", the value for "Town" will still remain on the line. However, if you enter an empty value for "Country", only the full-stop will remain on the line. In such a case the whole line will be deleted leaving. only a two-line address. Automatic deletion of a line: occurs whenever only punctuation marks and/or spaces are left on that line. Text Which Resembles a Variable Part II of your Form Document might contain text which re- sembles a variable, i.e. a character string with no spaces, enclosed by two delimiters. This ‘variable’ will of course be highlighted during the merge process. When this happens, press CANCEL to continue the process. (Remember: if you press ENTER, you are replacing the "variable" with an empty value!). Conditional Merge You may designate conditions in Part I of the Form Document whereby WordMill will either process certain Data Records or skip them. This is done by the use of lines whose structure is: variable operator value The "value" in this case is a conditional value (see defini- tions at the beginning of this chapter), and the condition is defined by the operator. During the merge process, the value in the data record is compared with its corresponding conditional value, according to the operator specified. If the condition is not met, the merge process will not be carried out: The data record will be skipped. WordMill ML/4.1 10-15 MERGE AND PRINT If several conditions have been imposed, they must all be met for the merging to be carried out. Referring to the example above, suppose the sixth line of Part I of the Form Document appeared like this: *Country*=France where: ‘*Country*’ is the variable; “=" is the operator; and ‘France’ is the conditional value. In such a case only the second and fourth data records (where the value for the variable ‘Country’ equals ‘France’) would be processed; the first and the third records would be skipped. . Conversely, if instead of “=" the operator were ‘/=" (not equals), then only the first and third data records would be processed, and the second and the fourth would be skipped. We distinguish between numeric operators and non-numeric ones. When the operator in the condition is "numeric", the comparison of the two values is carried out according to different rules than when it is "non-numeric". Here is the list of the non-numeric operators: Dee a ee ng ae pa ee OS) | Non-Numeric Operators for Merge | greater than | less than < L —_____1________J | Geneneied | Operator | | | | | equals | = | | not equal to | [= | greater than or equals | >= | | less than or equals | <= | | a. | | | Non-numer ic comparisons are made between values according to the following rules: WordMill ML/4.1 10-16 *] MERGE AND PRINT 1. The comparison is made on the "common length" of the two values, i.e. although one value may be a string of 4 characters and the second of 5 characters, the oO ‘comparison will only be made on the first 4 charac- ters. For example, this is considered to be greater than these since only the first 4 characters are compared, and i is "greater" than e. 2, The length of the values is only taken into account if the compared characters are found to be identical, e.g. then is considered greater than the. * 3. Two empty values are considered to be equal. 4. If only one is an empty value, it is considered to be the smaller of the two. 5. You may use non-numeric operators to compare ! numerical values and vice versa, but first make sure Oo that you properly understand all of the comparison ; ‘rules. ~ And. here is the list of the numeric operators: | Numeric Operators for Merge | | Condition | Speaker | : | | equals | = | |; not equal to | 4/= | '| greater than or equals | %>= | | less than or equals | as | | greater than | 7 | | less than | *) Numeric comparisons are made according to the following rules: 1. The comparison is always made from left to right. WordMill ML/4.1 10-17 MERGE AND PRINT 2. The comparison is only made if the values are of the © same length. 3. Two values of length zero (’empty’ values) are con- sidered to be equal. 4, If the two values are not of the same length, the longer is considered to be the greater of the two even if its true numerical value is not, e.g. 001 is greater than 30. 5. Notice that WordMill compares the characters (the numerals) and not the numerical value. Therefore the algebraic signs + or - or decimal points have no meaning unless both values have exactly the same format. PAGINATING OR PRINTING THE MERGED DOCUMENT As soon as the whole data record has been merged, the merged document undergoes pagination according to the parameter values you entered. The flashing message "PAGINATING" ap- pears in the dialogue line. To its left you will see a num- ber showing which page of that merged document is being created. The number on the right hand side signifies the accumulated number of pages of the already merged and pagi- nated (or printed) documents. Once the pagination for the first merged document jis com- plete, the Form Document is redisplayed and the whole process is repeated for the other data groups. The message at the top of the screen changes accordingly. If no Data File is being used, the Form Document will be redisplayed until you terminate the process (see below). Suppose you have made a mistake in entering one of the values, or for any other reason you wish to prevent the pagination of a particular merged document from taking place. Press DELETE before the pagination begins. TERMINATION OF THE MERGE PROCESS There are three possible ways in which the merge process may be terminated: WordMill ML/4.1 10-18 MERGE AND PRINT 1. When the last of the Data Records has been merged, the process terminates automatically. The W- or S-type document created bears the same name as the Form Document. 2. You may terminate the process yourself: (i) press ENTER and then ESCAPE when (and if) you are asked to type in a value; (ii) press ESCAPE continuously for a few moments at any point while the process is taking place. The flashing message "OPERATOR STOP" appears in the dialogue line. 3. If there is no more available diskette space for the rest of the output file to be written, the process is automatically terminated. The flashing message "DISKETTE IS FULL" appears in the dialogue line. The file will contain all the merged documents which have been paginated up till then. In all cases, the Menu reappears on the screen. EXTRACTING RECORDS FROM A DATA FILE The Merge option can be utilized to extract Records from Data Files. Prepare a Form Document where Part I lists the conditions (conditions that a Record should satisfy in order to be extracted), and the structure of Part II is identical to that of a Record of the Data File. Activate the MERGE, and choose § for the "OUTPUT CLASS". But before doing all of this, use the SETUP procedure to change the PRINTER to LINE PRINTER. The output (S-type file) is a partial copy of the Data File, containing only those records which complied with the merge conditions. Should you later require these records for a WordMill Merge application, use the IMPORT function to in- corporate these records into your data file. “‘WordMi1] ML/4.1 10-19 Notes WordMill ML/4.1 10-20 Chapter 11: THE WMPARAMS FILE CONTENTS SETTING WordMill PARAMETERS. DISK DRIVES. . 2. . 2. 2 6 SCREEN. « 5 © © s 9» «© & EDITING « « «© «© = & © » PAGINATION . 2. 2 6 «© « PRINTING. . 2. 2 ew ew PRINTER « & © © w # © yy TEEEX «s # = © & @ #& =» » WordMill ML/4.1 11-3 11-4 11-4 11-5 11-6 -11-8 11-9 -11-10 Notes WordMil] ML/4.1 Oo THE WMPARAMS FILE ‘SETTING WordMill PARAMETERS oO. You have already come across a number of references to the -“WMPARAMS file. This file gives you the option of setting your own parameter values. There are two types of parameters which can be set: 4. Installation parameters; 2. Program default values. .The main difference between the two is that for the first type values may only be set through the WMPARAMS file, whereas values for the second type can also be assigned through the various WordMill programs. If the WMPARAMS file does not exist in the WordMill Program diskette (or in the WordMill’s Hard Disk subdirectory) , then all the parameter values will be those already pre-set in the WordMill programs; they are called ‘Initial Values’. Even if there is a WMPARAMS file, not all the parameter val- ues need necessarily be listed in it, and those which are not retain their initial values. In case a parameter is assigned a value which is outside the permitted range of values for this parameter, the Initial Value shall remain in effect. No error message is issued in such a case.” The order of parameters in the file is of no significance. Each parameter is expressed in the following way: KEYWORD=value [Blanks and Comments] End-of-Paragraph Note: -The keyword may contain up to 10 characters and must be typed in UPPER case beginning in column 1. -The values may be written in either UPPER or lower case. -There must not be blank spaces between the keyword, the equal sign and the value. -There must.be either an End of Paragraph or a space to the right of the value. If there is a space, an WordMill ML/4.1 11-3 THE WMPARAMS FILE optional comment may be added on the same line. Further comments may be added on following lines, In order to change values in the WMPARAMS file, you should edit it as you would an ordinary WordMill document, The WMPARAMS file is processed when WordMill is loaded. Therefore new values only take effect once you have exited from WordMill and then reloaded it. Following is a list of the keywords and the allowable values for each, together with the necessary explanations. DISK DRIVES DRIVE-1=A A, B, Cor D DRIVE-2=B A, B, CorD > > These parameters define the relationship between Drive 1 and Drive 2 of WordMill and the disk drives of the operating system. The possible values are A, B, C and D. If you are using a Hard Disk, it is advisable to change ‘B’ to ‘C’. SCREEN MONITOR= M,C (Blank = Installed Monitor) COLOR Codes: 0-15 (background 0-7 BACKGROUND= (Blank = Black) FOREGROUND= (Blank = White) UNDERLINE= (Blank = Blue) BOLD= (Blank = High intensity) The value for the parameter MONITOR should be left blank for most users. Only if two monitors are attached to the same computer, then you should tel] WordMill which of the moni- tors to display on: The Monochrome (M) or the Color-graphic (C). If you are using an IRGB color monitor, you may choose the colors of the background, the characters and also colors for WordMill ML/4.1 : l1r4 THE WMPARAMS FILE the Underline and the Boldface attributes. The default co- lors are those shown above. The background may be one of a) eight colors, while the characters and emphasizes may each be one of 16 colors. However, for practical purposes, the choice is limited to combinations which enable you to easily differentiate between, say, Bold and Bold + Underline. The color choices are as follows: 0 - black 8 - gray 1 - blue 9 - light blue 2 - green 10 - light green 3 - cyan 11 - light cyan 4 - red 12 - light red 5 - magenta 13 - light magenta 6 - brown 14 - yellow 7 - white 15 - high intensity white oO EDITING WIDTH=70 14 -- 254 PAR-IND=0 0 -- 99 BELL=1 0--7 FAST-RPT=4 3, A,, 5 SLOW-RPT=3 Ly 2s 3 DICT-SIZE=1500 500 -- 9999 ABREV-ID= Any Character HORZ-SCROL=1 1 -- 80 WIDTH is the default value for the width of a new document. PAR-IND is the default value for "Paragraph Indent". BELL determines the duration of the "Bell": You can give any number from 0 thru 7. oO FAST-RPT and SLOW-RPT determine the "Repeat Rate": The rate at which the keyboard generates new character codes, while a key is being depressed for a longer time. Fast-repeat refers to the Cursor control keys and the Bold and Underline keys, WordMill ML/4.1 11-5 THE WMPARAMS FILE and can be 3 thru 5. Slow-repeat refers to all other keys, and can get the values 1 thru 3. DICT-SIZE denotes the maximum number of bytes allocated to Phrase Dictionaries. The value can be 500 thru 9999, ABREV-ID denotes the character which is being used to identify the abbreviations in the phrase dictionaries. Any (reasonable) character can be used. HORZ-SCROL defines the number of columns "scrolled" horizon- tally at one time. The parameter can get any value from 1 thru 80. PAGINATION These parameters are used to set the default values of the pagination program, Explanations have already been given in Chapter 7 "Pagination and Printing". The following table is a brief summary of the explanations and also gives the al- lowable values for each parameter. Parameter Allowable Description Values HEAD-1=N N,HI,Hd These three parameters refer HEAD-2=N| HO,FI to the page titles and their HEAD-3=N4 FJ,FO possible positions: N=none, H=header, F=footer, I=inside, _ O=outside, J=justified. PAGE-NUM=N N,H1,H2 Page numbers and their H3,F1, possible positions: Nsnone, F2,F3 H=header, F=footer; the numbers 1-3 refer to line numbers of the three- line frame. PRINT-FPN=N Y,N Print the first page number? WordMill ML/4.1 11-6 HF-T-LINES=2 VERT-PITCH=6 L-SPACING=2 LINES/COL=50 PAGE-SIZE=22 LEFTMARGIN=0 JUSTIFY=Y FONT-1= OUT-CLASS=W WordMill ML/4.1 0--9 THE WMPARAMS FILE Number of blank lines to be left between the titles and the text. Pitch: number of lines per vertical inch, Line Spacing: 1=half-space 2=single space 3=one-and-a-half space 4=double space. Maximum number of lines in a page or a column. Size of page, in units of half-inches, or a paper code. A value of 0 is for continuous text. Amount of space (in character units of the document pitch) which is added to the Margin Origin, i.e. by how much the printer head moves before printing commences. Justify text (excluding “Quad’-type lines) ? Default name for the principal font. If left blank, the default value is taken as that which appears first in the Printer Profile (.PRO file). Class of pagination output: W=WordMill, P=Printer, S=System. THE WMPARAMS FILE OUT-DRIVE=2 PRINTING The following are parameters Parameter Allowable Values STOP-PAGE=N Y,N HIGH-QLTY=N Y,N NUM-COPIES=1 1-99 “MRG-ORIGIN=0 0 -- 254 PAPER-BACK=Y Y,N WordMill ML/4.1 Drive number on which the output is to be written (for W and S only). for the printing operation: Description The printer stops after each page is printed, or not. High Quality print or Draft Quality (applies to Dot Matrix printers only). Number of copies to be printed All printers have a ruler marked in pitch 10, i.e. 10 Characters per inch (measured from left to right). This Margin Origin sets a ‘zero point’ on this ruler. Before the actual printing begins, the printer head jumps to the specified Margin Origin point. Permit scrolling of paper backwards ? Enter N for this parameter if your printer does not scroll the paper back accurately; this is usually the case when a Cut Sheet Feeder is installed. THE WMPARAMS FILE PRINTER PRINT-PORT= 0,1,2 (Blank = 0) PRINT-BAUD= (Blank = Baud Rate from Printer .PRO) PRINTR-CHK=Y Y, N The parameter PRINT-PORT is necessary when, for example, two parallel printers are connected, or when two peripherals with serial RS-232 interfaces, one of them a printer, are attached. The parameter denotes the PORT to which the WordMill Printer is connected: 0, 1 or 2. “The parameter PRINT-BAUD should be left blank, unless you must set the Baud Rate at your printer to a setting which is different than the one in the Printer’s Profile. Allowable Baud Rates are: 9600, 4800, 2400, 1200, 600, 300, 150, 110 The parameter PRINTR-CHK applies to printers having a large internal buffer. If there is no response from the printer after 2 minutes, WordMill displays a "PD" (Printer Discon- nected) message. Some printers, however, have a large inter- nal buffer but a low printing speed. It could therefore take a considerable time (more than 2 minutes) for the printer to empty the buffer and then to send a "ready" signal to the computer. By this time, WordMill already concluded that the printer was "disconnected". Change the parameter value to PRINTR-CHK=N if you encounter similar problems. WordMill ML/4.1 11-9 THE WMPARAMS FILE TELEX TELEX-PORT= 0,1,2 (Blank = 0, Serial) TELE X-BAUD= (Blank = 1200) The parameter TELEX-PORT is to be left blank if the printer is parallel, and the Telex I/0 device is attached to the Serial Port. But if the printer is also serial, then set PRINT-PORT=0 and TELEX-PORT=1 or vice versa. The parameter TELEX-BAUD denotes the Baud Rate at which your Telex device communicates with your computer. If different than 1200 Baud, use one of the numbers listed above under PRINT-BAUD. WordMill ML/4.1 11-10 Appendix A: WordMill SETUP CONTENTS THE WordMill SETUP DISKETTE. . Backing Up the WordMill SETUP Diskette CHANGING WordMill SETUP . Setting the First Language . Setting the First Keyboard Setting the Second Language . Setting the Second Keyboard . Setting the Printer. . . Setting the Printer’s interface. WordMill ML/4.1 De I (ee Des Ss as De a SNADADADO SW Notes WordMill ML/4.1 A-2 WordMill SETUP THE WordMil? SETUP DISKETTE In order to make changes to the current settings of Lang- uages, Keyboard layouts and the Printer in use, you need the WordMill SETUP diskette, which should have been supplied to you when you purchased WordMill. The contents of the Word- Mill SETUP diskette is as follows: WMSETUP OVR WordMill SETUP program DEUTSCH LNG German Language file ENGLISH LNG English Language file FRANCAIS LNG French Language file «etc... WMKBDL ~ KBD German (DeutschLand) Keyboard Layout WMKBFR KBD FRench Keyboard Layout WMKBIT KBD ITalian Keyboard Layout WMKBSD KBD Swiss German (Deutsch) Keyboard WMKBSR KBD Swiss French (Romand) Keyboard WMKBUK KBD United Kingdom Keyboard Layout WMKBUS KBD United States Keyboard Layout WMKBUSM = KBD U.S.A. + Multinational-Set Keyboard - etc... BROTHR15 PRO Brother HR15 Printer Profile DIABL630 PRO Diablo 630 Printer Profile EPSFX80 PRO Epson FX80 Printer Profile IBMPCGRP PRO IBM PC Graphics Printer Profile LINEPRIN PRO Line Printer Profile QUMESP11 PRO Qume Sprint 11 Printer Profile ..etc.. WordMill ML/4.1 A-3 WordMill SETUP Backing Up the WordMill SETUP Diskette The WordMill SETUP diskette is not "copy protected", and therefore can be copied by the PC DOS Diskcopy command. This does not mean that the contents of the WordMill SETUP disk- ette may be freely distributed. The contents is copyrighted material, and you are allowed to make backup copies of this diskette only in support of your own use of WordMill, Prepare a new diskette for the Backup Copy. Insert PC DOS diskette in Drive A and type: A>DISKCOPY A: B: Then follow the Diskcopy instructions. When the copy is com- plete remove both the original and the backup diskettes, and place the Backup Copy in a safe place, Note: It is advisable to ‘write protect’ the WordMill SETUP diskette. WordMill ML/4.1 A-4 WordMil1l SETUP CHANGING WordMill SETUP To change any of the current Language, Keyboard, or Printer settings, insert. the WordMill SETUP diskette in drive B (If you have a Hard Disk model, then drive A is also drive B), and. then select and operate the SETUP option of the WordMill Menu... : a. 8 A “WordMill SETUP" screen appears, and you are to follow the instructions in that screen. The screen contains six windows, One window for each of the following items: | First Language | First Keyboard | | Second Language | Second Keyboard | Printer | Printer Interface | By pressing the Up or Down arrow keys, you are changing the entries inside the "selected" window. To select another item (window) press Tab. When you have finished setting, press Enter to confirm the new settings and to return to the WordMill Menu. Then remove the WordMill SETUP diskette from drive B. Setting the First Language In the window you see the name of the language (the name appears in that language, e.g. not "German" but "Deutsch"). The "First Language" must be set. This means that you should not leave the window blank (this is permitted for the Second Language) . If you are satisfied with what you see in the window for the First Language, press Tab to proceed to the next item. WordMill ML/4.1 A-5 WordMill SETUP Setting the First Keyboard You are free to set any keyboard for any language. For ex- ample, you can set the First Language to English and then set the First Keyboard to Italian, if this is what you fan- cy. The name which appears in the window is the name of the country or region in which this Keyboard Layout is standard, e.g. "France", "United States", "Italia". The "Multinational" keyboard is essentially an ASCII (American) keyboard with a slight modification; You can get accented letters by typing an accent followed by a letter, as is customary in European keyboards. To get the accent alone, hit the accent key twice. In addition, you can produce many more "multinational" characters by typing Letter or Number keys together with the Alt or the Ctrl keys. This is true not only for the "Multi- national" keyboard, but for all of the WordMi}l Keyboard Layouts. Setting the Second Language A Second Language may be set to be different than the First Language, or it can be the same. If you do not need a Second Language then you can set the Second Language window to blank, or to the same language which appears in the First Language window. Setting the Second Keyboard Even if you did not set up a Second Language, you might wish to set up a Second Keyboard. As mentioned earlier, you are free to set any keyboard for any language. If you had not set up a Second Language, but you are now setting up a Second Keyboard, then you are in fact setting up two keyboard layouts for a single language: Hitting the Esc key while the Menu is showing will switch between the two keyboard layouts. WordMill ML/4.1 A-6 WordMil] SETUP Setting the Printer The setting up of a printer is similar to setting up a lang- uage or a keyboard. Press the Up or Down arrow key until your printer name shows up in the window. The name "LINE PRINTER" deserves some explanation. When you are paginating for any one of the real printers, the output (whatever its type is: W, S or P) contains "control" codes for your specific printer. These control codes represent things like line spacing, underlining, sub- scripting, character sizes, etc. The "LINE PRINTER" Profile represents a very simple printer which does not recognize any control code but the Carriage Return (new line). Therfore, using this "printer" you can produce an output which can be dispalyed on your PC screen, read into other programs, or even printed on your PC printer, but with less sophistication. Setting the Printer’s Interface Use the sixth window to set up the type of your printer’s interface: Either PARALLEL or SERIAL. If you want to change any of the previous settings, you could now hit the Tab key again to make another "tour" around the windows. Press the Enter key when you are satisfied with the contents of all six windows, and then remove the WordMill SETUP disk- ette. WordMill ML/4.1 A-7 Notes WordMill ML/4.1 A-8 Appendix C: KEYBOARD LAYOUTS CONTENTS DANISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT . . FRENCH KEYBOARD LAYOUT . . GERMAN KEYBOARD LAYOUT . . . . ITALIAN KEYBOARD LAYOUT. . . . NORWEGIAN KEYBOARD LAYOUT . SPANISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT. . . SWEDISH / FINNISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT. UK ENGLISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT. . US ENGLISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT . WordMill ML/4.1 oe e @ ee ee Se ee ae BFP FP ODONA ON S&S Ww _ © C-1 Notes WordMill ML/4.1 C-2 * DANISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT KEYBOARD LAYOUTS for IBM PC WordMill ML/4.1 KEYBOARD LAYOUTS for IBM PC FRENCH KEYBOARD LAYOUT — pee qBaae WordMill ML/4.1 oO KEYBOARD LAYOUTS for IBM PC GERMAN KEYBOARD LAYOUT ee Se S1gttt a1 Sina = =e meets niatatatas miainistalr WordMil] ML/4.1 KEYBOARD LAYOUTS for IBM PC ITALIAN KEYBOARD LAYOUT REE LANES Nca — : : PESIEI NEVES ve 4 WordMill ML/4.1 KEYBOARD LAYOUTS for IBM PC NORWEGIAN KEYBOARD LAYOUT Oo = tf Jt | = “l § ery WordMill ML/4.1 C-7 KEYBOARD LAYOUTS for IBM PC SPANISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT WordMill HL/4.1 oO KEYBOARD LAYOUTS for IBM PC SWEDISH / FINNISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT ii a — pe! Fr rere nats vz eo —- ee fel | | = | = [ —— ——— WordMil] ML/4.1 KEYBOARD LAYOUTS for IBM PC UK ENGLISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT EDI, LL ee WordMill ML/4.1 ° KEYBOARD LAYOUTS for IBM PC US ENGLISH KEYBOARD LAYOUT eee aiciaiaias WordMill ML/4.1